48 Questions
What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Duration and characteristics of the inflammatory response
What are the two main components of inflammation?
Leukocytes and mediators of inflammation
What is the consistent feature of inflammation?
Excessive fluid in tissues or body cavities
What distinguishes exudate from transudate?
Protein content and specific gravity
What causes transudate?
Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
What is the role of leukocytes in acute inflammation?
Adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis
What mediates leukocyte adhesion to endothelium?
Complementary adhesion molecules
What activates leukocytes and their integrins, leading to firm adhesion?
Chemokines from inflamed tissue
What is the process of leukocytes squeezing through endothelial gaps and into the tissues called?
Transmigration
What occurs as leukocytes move towards the site of injury along a chemoattractant gradient?
Chemotaxis
What is the role of chemokines in inflammation?
Activating leukocytes and their integrins
What is the last step in the multistep process of leukocyte migration?
Chemotaxis
What is the first step in the multistep process of leukocyte migration?
Margination
What is the role of immature endothelial cells in inflammation?
Forming small vessels with gaps
What is the definition of specific gravity (SG)?
SG is the ratio of the weight of a solution to an equal volume of water.
What is the main function of plasma oncotic pressure?
To pull fluid into the circulatory system.
What are the cardinal features of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and loss of function.
What are the triggers of inflammation?
Infections, trauma, physical and chemical agents, foreign bodies, and more.
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
Rapid onset, short duration, excessive fluid in tissues, and emigration of neutrophils.
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
Slower onset, longer duration, involvement of lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue changes.
Which leukocyte is a precursor of macrophages?
Monocytes
What types of leukocytes are involved in inflammatory reactions?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils.
What are the key components involved in diseases caused by inflammatory reactions?
Vascular changes, cellular events, leukocyte recruitment, and chemical mediators.
What are the vascular changes in acute inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased permeability, stasis, and escape of exudate into injured tissue.
Which factor contributes to inflammation when activated by injured tissue?
Clotting Factor XII
What does the Kinin cascade produce to increase vascular permeability and pain?
Bradykinin
Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils
Which diseases are associated with chronic inflammation?
Rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer
What are the systemic effects of inflammation?
Cytokine-induced acute phase reactions and leukocytosis
Which type of inflammation involves exudation of cell-poor fluid into body cavities?
Serous inflammation
What characterizes fibrinous inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability and fibrin deposition
What leads to the formation of pus, often caused by bacterial infections?
Purulent inflammation
What is a sign of inflammation characterized by elevated neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils?
Leukocytosis
Which of the following is produced by the complement system and impacts vasodilatation and leukocyte activation?
C5a
What is involved in chronic inflammation and contributes to tissue injury and fibrosis?
Mononuclear cells
Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation and contribute to the immune response and tissue repair?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils
Which of the following is NOT a principal mediator of inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor
What is the primary source of vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin?
Mast cells
Which enzymatic pathways lead to the production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins?
Lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways
Which of the following plays a major role in acute inflammation by mediating/regulating immune/inflammatory reactions and acting as chemoattractants for leukocytes?
Cytokines and chemokines
What is the process that involves recognition and attachment, engulfment, and killing and degradation of offending agents through oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is a cellular or plasma protein/system that acts as a principal mediator of inflammation?
Interleukin-8
What is the primary role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the acute inflammatory response?
Regulating inflammatory effects
Which of the following is released by mast cells and causes arteriolar dilatation and increased vascular permeability?
Histamine
What is the primary function of cytokines and chemokines in acute inflammation?
Regulating leukocyte migration
What is the primary effect of leukocyte activation in acute inflammation?
Enhanced adhesion molecule expression
Which of the following is a key response involved in leukocyte activation?
Degranulation
What is the primary role of chemical mediators of inflammation?
Regulating vascular permeability
Study Notes
Inflammation and Immune Response
- Clotting Factor XII, activated by injured tissue, contributes to inflammation
- Kinin cascade produces bradykinin, increasing vascular permeability and pain
- Complement system produces C3a, C5a, and C4a, impacting vasodilatation and leukocyte activation
- Chronic inflammation involves mononuclear cells, tissue injury, and fibrosis
- Chronic inflammation is seen in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer
- Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils are involved in chronic inflammation
- Systemic effects of inflammation include cytokine-induced acute phase reactions and leukocytosis
- Morphologic patterns of inflammation include serous, fibrinous, purulent, and ulcerative
- Serous inflammation involves exudation of cell-poor fluid into body cavities
- Fibrinous inflammation is characterized by increased vascular permeability and fibrin deposition
- Purulent inflammation leads to the formation of pus, often caused by bacterial infections
- Leukocytosis, with elevated neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils, is a sign of inflammation
Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytosis in Acute Inflammation
- Leukocyte activation involves 5 essential responses, including the production of arachidonic acid metabolites, degranulation, activation of oxidative burst, secretion of cytokines, and an increase in binding affinity of adhesion molecules.
- Phagocytosis involves recognition and attachment, engulfment, and killing and degradation of offending agents through oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms.
- Chemical mediators of inflammation can originate from plasma or cells, and most act by binding to specific receptors on target cells.
- Released mediators can cause a secondary wave of mediator release and act on one type of target cell or a variety of different types.
- The principal mediators of inflammation can be cellular or plasma proteins/systems, including histamine, serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, and plasma proteins such as Factor XII activation, kinin, and complement C3 and C5 cleavage.
- Vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin are preformed and primarily found within mast cells, causing arteriolar dilatation and increasing vascular permeability.
- Arachidonic acid metabolites are produced by various cell types and can be metabolized by two enzymatic pathways, leading to the production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins with various inflammatory effects.
- Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that mediate/regulate immune/inflammatory reactions and act as chemoattractants for leukocytes, with major roles in acute inflammation.
- Cytokines like TNF and IL-1 and chemokines like C-X-C and C-C have specific roles in acute inflammation, affecting different cell types and anatomic regions.
- The production of arachidonic acid metabolites by leukocytes and the action of cytokines and chemokines play crucial roles in the acute inflammatory response.
- The acute inflammatory response involves a complex interplay of leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the action of various chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines.
- Understanding the mechanisms of leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the roles of chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines is essential in comprehending the pathophysiology of acute inflammation.
Test your knowledge of inflammation and immune response with this quiz. Explore the roles of clotting factors, complement system, chronic inflammation, morphologic patterns, leukocyte activation, phagocytosis, and the action of various chemical mediators, cytokines, and chemokines in acute inflammation.
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