Inflammation and Immune Response

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the presence of microorganisms in the blood?

Viraemia

Bacteraemia

Septicaemia (correct)

Microbemia

What is the characteristic of Gram positive bacteria?

Thick layer of peptidoglycan (correct)

Thin layer of peptidoglycan

Outer membrane

Lipopolysaccharides

What is the result of the release of endotoxins in the body?

Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure (correct)

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood pressure

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Vasodilation and increased blood pressure

What is the term for the process by which bacteria are classified based on their Gram staining?

Gram staining Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a microorganism to cause disease?

Pathogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin?

Toxigenicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the blood causing failure of the body's defence mechanisms?

Bacteraemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which bacteria colonise and infect a host?

Pathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in response to tissue injury?

To prevent and limit infection and further damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of neutrophils and monocytes through the pores in blood capillaries to enter tissues?

Diapedesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?

To produce lipid-derived chemical mediators Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which bacteria are made visible for neutrophils to be ingested?

Opsonization Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic change in blood vessels during inflammation?

Increased capillary permeability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

To provide a major defense against bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of obligate intracellular parasites?

They are dependent on host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of viral DNA entering the nucleus of a host cell?

The viral DNA is transcribed into mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of viruses on host cell DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis?

Inhibition of host cell DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungi that invade the skin?

They are dermatophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vaccines?

To induce a long-lasting protective immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the site where all immune cells are formed?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of disruption of lysosomal membranes by viruses?

Release of digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for diseases caused by fungi?

Mycoses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is present from birth and involves physical and chemical barriers?

Non-specific immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the overreaction of the immune system to environmental antigens?

Allergy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T-cells?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the breakdown of tolerance, causing the immune system to recognize self-antigens as foreign?

Autoimmunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves the action of B cells and antibodies?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability of the immune system to protect the host against infections?

Immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles?

Phagocytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the proteins that are part of the innate immune response and help to eliminate pathogens?

Complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Pyelonephritis?

Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Silent stones causing obstruction in the urinary tract?

CKD Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the clearance of a substance by the kidneys over a period of time?

Renal clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Urinary Tract Obstruction?

Depends on the location of the renal stone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systemic diseases is a risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of evaluation for Chronic Kidney Disease?

Serum creatinine and urea concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a management principle for Chronic Kidney Disease?

Vitamin D supplementation Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cockcroft-Gault equation used to estimate?

Creatinine clearance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a marker of kidney damage?

Urine protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the management of Chronic Kidney Disease?

To control hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease?

Difficulty in finding the right words Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease?

Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gradual loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning?

Dementia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Irreversible loss of renal function that affects all organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

Hypertension and Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Rapid onset of haematuria and proteinuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of Urinary Tract Obstruction (UTO)?

Chronic Kidney Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Renal Tubular acidosis?

Disorder affecting acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Pyelonephritis?

Escherichia coli and Proteus Mirabilis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Gross proteinuria?

Associated with nephrotic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

Glomerular scarring and eventual loss of functioning nephrons Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

Occurs in response to tissue injury to prevent and limit infection and further damage, and to initiate healing and adaptive immune response
Characterized by localized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to movement of WBCs, complement, and plasma proteins to the site of injury
5 signs: heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Mast Cells

Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels, skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract
Activation: physical injury, chemical agents, immunologic processes
Leads to degranulation and synthesis of lipid-derived chemical mediators

Phagocytosis

Process by which cells ingest and dispose of foreign material

Neutrophils

Most abundant white cells with a lifespan of 4-8 hours in circulation and 4-5 days in tissues
Major defense against bacterial infection
Diapedesis: neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through pores in blood capillaries to enter tissues, moving by amoeboid motion
Chemotaxis: neutrophils move towards the source of certain chemicals (chemo-attractants)

Microorganisms

Classes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms
Healthcare-acquired infections: direct, droplet, indirect, airborne/aerosol, vector-dependent, faecal-oral

Process of Infection

Colonization, infection, spread
Factors for infection: mechanism of action, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, immunogenicity, toxigenicity

Host Defenses

Classes of infectious microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths

Bacteria

Gram staining: distinguishes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Bacterial toxins: exotoxins (enzymes released during bacterial growth) and endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides from outer membrane of dead gram-negatives)

Viral Replication

DNA or RNA
Protein receptor-binding site
Viral DNA enters nucleus and is transcribed into mRNA
Clinical symptoms reflect alteration of infected cell function

Cellular Effects of Viruses

Inhibition of host cell DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis
Disruption of lysosomal membranes
Promotion of apoptosis
Transformation of host cells into cancerous cells

Fungi

Moulds or yeast
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses
Dermatophytes: fungi that invade the skin

Vaccines

Induction of long-lasting protective immune responses
Types: attenuated organism, killed/inactive organism, extracts of antigens, toxins

Immune System

Lymphatic system: tonsils, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix
Circulatory system: bone marrow, lymphocytes/white blood cells, phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, thrombocytes, complement proteins

Types of Immunity

Non-specific (innate): present from birth, includes blood cells, physical barriers, chemical and mechanical barriers
Specific (acquired/adaptive): develops in response to exposure to infectious organisms, includes humoral immunity (B cell-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity (T cell-mediated)

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Urethral obstruction in men can lead to bacterial infection and increase the risk of prostatitis and prostatic hypertrophy.
Urinary tract obstruction can also be caused by calculi or tumours.
Renal calculi (stones in the urinary tract) are a common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

CKD is an irreversible loss of renal function that affects all organ systems.
Can be caused by a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension) and renal diseases (chronic glomerulonephritis).
CKD can lead to a decline in GFR (glomerular filtration rate) and tubular functions.

GFR

Measurement of GFR is a good indicator of kidney function.
GFR can be calculated by measuring the clearance of a substance by the kidneys over a period of time.
Creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle that is normally cleared from the blood by the kidneys; increased levels in the blood indicate kidney dysfunction.

eGFR

Estimated glomerular filtration rate is based on creatinine, age, body size, gender, and race.

Renal Failure

Acute renal failure is a sudden, reversible decline in renal function.
Chronic renal failure is a gradual, irreversible decline in renal function over time.

Glomerular Diseases

Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by large, inflamed glomeruli with decreased capillary lumen and rapid onset of haematuria and proteinuria.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized by glomerular scarring and eventual loss of functioning nephrons, leading to gradual development of uremia.
Clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis include hypertension, renal failure, haematuria, and proteinuria.

Tubular Diseases

Tubular diseases result in decreased excretion/reabsorption of certain substances or reduced concentrating capability.
Renal tubular acidosis is a disorder affecting acid-base balance.

Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection is an inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria from gut flora.
Common pathogens include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis is an acute infection of the renal pelvic, commonly caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus Mirabilis.
Ascends from the lower urinary tract.

Evaluation of CKD

Evaluation is based on risk factors, history, and presenting signs and symptoms.
Elevated serum creatinine and serum urea concentrations are consistent with CKD.
Markers of kidney damage include urine protein, albumin, and examination of urine sediment.

Management of CKD

Dietary control, fluid evaluation, and restriction of sodium, potassium, and phosphate are important.
Adequate kilojoule intake, management of dyslipidaemias, and iron, folic acid, and erythropoietin replacement therapy as needed are also important.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or receptor blockers are often used to provide renal protection and control systemic hypertension.

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia.
The risk of developing Alzheimer's disease increases with age.
Pathophysiological characteristics include death of pyramidal cells, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus, temporoparietal, and front cortices.

Dementia

Dementia is a set of symptoms that include gradual loss of memory, mood change, and problems with communication and reasoning.
Can lead to mood swings and violent outbursts.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of inflammation, its purposes, characteristic changes, and the 5 signs of inflammation. It also touches on the role of mast cells.