Inflammation and Immune Response

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Questions and Answers

What is a result of inflammation in tissue?

Tissue heals immediately.

Tissue becomes numb and cold.

Tissue becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful. (correct)

Tissue becomes paralyzed.

What is the function of fibrinogens in inflammation?

They dilate blood vessels.

They stimulate pain receptors.

They increase capillary permeability.

They coagulate tissue fluid and stop the spreading of antigen. (correct)

What is the outcome of the accumulation of white blood cells, bacterial cells, and cellular debris?

Pus formation. (correct)

Fibroblast appearance.

Blood clotting.

Phagocytosis.

What is the role of phagocytes in phagocytosis?

To engulf and remove antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phagocyte can only phagocytize antigens in the blood?

Eosinophil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when phagocytes squeeze themselves across the pores in the capillary walls?

Diapedesis. Signup and view all the answers

What attracts macrophage to the injured tissue?

Histamine. Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion do macrophages use to move towards the injured tissue?

Amoeboid motion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines released by activated helper T cells?

To enhance certain cellular responses to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is acquired through exposure to live pathogens?

Naturally acquired active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of interleukin II?

To stimulate the synthesis of cytokines and cause T-cells to proliferate Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of helper T cells?

The release of cytokines that stimulate B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tumor necrosis factor?

To stop tumor growth and release growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigens in immune response?

To combine with antibodies and be destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of colony-stimulating factors?

To stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to some of the newly formed B cells?

They differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune response?

To secrete antibodies to destroy antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when memory B-cells recognize and respond to an antigen they encountered before?

Secondary immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgG in the immune response?

Defending against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IgM in the immune response?

Reacting with antigens on red blood cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of IgE in the immune response?

Promoting allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the interaction between an antigen and an activated B cell?

The B cell differentiates into plasma cells and memory B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

Activating B cells to recognize antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which antibodies combine with antigens to destroy them?

Antigen destruction Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is acquired when a person is injected with a vaccine composed of weakened or dead pathogens?

Artificially acquired active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of immunity provided by artificially acquired passive immunity?

About 2-3 months Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are produced by the immune system in response to a vaccine?

Both T-cells and B-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of antibodies in naturally acquired passive immunity?

Another person, such as a mother or blood donor Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of artificially acquired active immunity over naturally acquired active immunity?

It provides longer-term resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

To stimulate an immune response without severe symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is acquired when a person is infected with a disease?

Naturally acquired active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of immunity provided by naturally acquired passive immunity?

Up to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Why does a fetus receive sufficient antibodies from the mother?

To have resistance for up to a year after birth Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

No effective treatments are available in most cases Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in Myasthenia gravis?

Neuromuscular junctions Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of the immune response in Rheumatoid arthritis?

Painful joints and loss of control of body movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Scarlet fever?

Streptococcus bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of the immune response in Scarlet fever?

Heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

Helper T-cells Signup and view all the answers

Where was AIDS first discovered?

Los Angeles and New York Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

Inflammation is a response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by swelling, pain, redness, warmth, and loss of function.
It involves blood vessels dilating, capillary and venule permeability increasing, and tissue becoming red, swollen, warm, and painful.
White blood cells invade the region, and pus may form as white blood cells, bacterial cells, and cellular debris accumulate.
Body fluids seep into the area, and a clot containing threads of fibrin may form.

Inflammation Response

Fibroblast appears, and a connective tissue sac may form around the injured tissues.
Phagocytes are active, removing bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
Cells reproduce, and newly formed cells replace injured ones.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis involves leukocytes called phagocytes, which engulf the antigen.
Phagocytes include eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes, which develop into macrophages.
During phagocytosis, phagocytes in capillaries first adhere to the inner walls of capillaries, then squeeze themselves across the pores in the capillary walls.
Once macrophages develop in connective tissue, they are attracted to the injured tissue by histamine and crawl towards it using amoeboid motion.

B-Lymphocytes and Antibody Production

B-lymphocytes are activated when they encounter an antigen that fits their antigen receptors, either alone or with helper T cells.
Activated B cells proliferate, enlarge their clone, and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.
Antibodies combine with antigen-bearing agents, helping to destroy them.

Antibody Structure and Function

Antibodies are globular proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig).
There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
Each class has a specific function, such as defending against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins, or promoting allergic reactions.

Cytokines

Cytokines are polypeptides synthesized and secreted by T cells that enhance certain cellular responses to antigens.
Types of cytokines include colony-stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor.
Cytokines stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes, block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

Immune Response to Viruses

The immune response to viruses involves the activation of T cells, B cells, and cytokines.
Cytokines, such as interferons, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

Acquired Immunity

There are four types of acquired immunity: naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, artificially acquired passive immunity, and naturally acquired passive immunity.
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to live pathogens, and the immune system develops lymphocytes and antibodies, providing long-term resistance.
Artificially acquired active immunity occurs when a person is injected with a vaccine composed of weakened or dead pathogens, and the immune system develops lymphocytes and antibodies, providing relatively long-term resistance.
Artificially acquired passive immunity occurs when a person is injected with a vaccine composed of antibodies for a particular antigen, providing short-term resistance.
Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when a person receives antibodies from another person, such as a mother to a fetus, or during blood transfusion, providing short-term resistance.

Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize "self" body cells, resulting in the activation of an immune response against one's own tissues.
Examples of autoimmune diseases include myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scarlet fever.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which infects lymphocytes and suppresses immunity.
HIV infects lymphocytes, particularly helper T cells, and some epithelial cells.
AIDS was first discovered in homosexual male patients in Los Angeles and New York, who developed rare disorders like pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma.

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Description

Learn about the mechanisms and responses of inflammation, including pain, swelling, and the role of blood vessels and white blood cells.