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Questions and Answers
Which cell has the dominant role in wound healing and releases important growth factors and cytokines?
Which growth factor is the key growth factor in wound healing and is involved in chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, angiogenesis, and epithelialization?
Which molecule is not stored and is generated by phospholipase in endothelium, functioning as a chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells and activator of platelets?
Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation and antibody production?
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Which molecule has a primary role in type I hypersensitivity reactions by causing vasodilation, tissue edema, and postcapillary leakage?
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Where is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) primarily located?
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Which molecule has an arginine precursor as its substrate and activates guanylate cyclase leading to vascular smooth muscle dilation?
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'TXA2' and 'PGI2' are associated with which type of reaction?
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'Mast cells' are the primary cells involved in which type of hypersensitivity reactions?
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'Basophils' are the main source of histamine in which part of the body?
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Which factor has been shown to accelerate wound healing?
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Which molecule functions as the primary effector in type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)?
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Which compound causes vascular smooth muscle constriction, opposing the effect of nitric oxide?
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What is the main function of TNF-α?
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Which cytokine is involved in increasing hepatic acute phase proteins and synergizes with TNF-α?
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Which enzymes are released by lymphocytes in response to viral infections or other stimuli?
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Which molecules mediate the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells during inflammation?
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Which system involves the activation of various proteins (C1-C9, properdin) and the production of anaphylatoxins and the membrane attack complex?
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Which compounds are produced from arachidonic acid precursors and play important roles in inflammation, including vasodilation and increased permeability?
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Which hormones are released from the adrenal glands to prepare the body for a stress response?
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What can cause reperfusion injury when reintroduced to tissue that has been deprived of oxygen?
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What is the primary mediator of chronic granulomatous disease due to its inability to produce superoxide radicals?
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Which chemicals are produced from arachidonic acid precursors and are involved in inflammation?
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Which cell types release interferons in response to viral infections or other stimuli?
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Study Notes
- Endothelin is a compound that causes vascular smooth muscle constriction, opposing the effect of nitric oxide.
- Two main cytokines released in response to injury or infection are TNF-α and IL-1.
- TNF-α is produced primarily by macrophages, causes inflammation, fever, and cachexia in cancer patients.
- IL-1, also produced by macrophages, causes fever, increases hepatic acute phase proteins, and synergizes with TNF-α.
- Interferons are released by lymphocytes in response to viral infections or other stimuli, and activate immune cells to inhibit viral replication.
- Hepatic acute phase response proteins, such as C-reactive protein, are increased by IL-6, a cytokine involved in inflammation.
- Cell adhesion molecules, such as selectins and integrins, mediate the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells during inflammation.
- The complement system is part of the immune response, and involves the activation of various proteins (C1-C9, properdin) and the production of anaphylatoxins and the membrane attack complex.
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid precursors and play important roles in inflammation, including vasodilation, broncho-constriction, and increased permeability.
- The neuroendocrine response to injury involves the release of various hormones from the adrenal glands to prepare the body for a stress response.
- Catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine, are released during the response to injury or stress.
- Oxidants generated during inflammation can cause damage to cells, and the body has various defenses against oxidative species.
- Reperfusion injury can occur when oxygenated blood is reintroduced to tissue that has been deprived of oxygen, and PMNs are the primary mediators of this injury.
- Chronic granulomatous disease is a condition in which PMNs are unable to produce superoxide radicals, leading to a decreased ability to fight infections.
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Description
Test your knowledge of inflammation phases, growth and activating factors, cytokines, and wound healing processes in this quiz. Learn about the role of platelets, macrophages, and important growth factors in the inflammatory response.
