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Questions and Answers
What is the role of a hypothesis in research?
What is the role of a hypothesis in research?
- It is an untestable statement.
- It is a testable prediction about variable relationships. (correct)
- It serves as a conclusion drawn from premises.
- It provides a basis for forming a conclusion.
Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning?
Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning?
- Specific observations lead to a general conclusion about weather.
- If all birds can fly and a penguin is a bird, then a penguin can fly.
- Plants that receive water will grow, therefore plants need water to survive.
- If it rains, the ground will be wet; it is raining, so the ground is wet. (correct)
In the given premises about plants, what would be a logical conclusion from the observations provided?
In the given premises about plants, what would be a logical conclusion from the observations provided?
- Plants that receive more sunlight will always grow taller than those that receive less.
- Plants need water to grow taller.
- The relationship between sunlight exposure and plant growth is confirmed. (correct)
- Plant A grew taller because it received less sunlight.
What is a premise in the context of reasoning?
What is a premise in the context of reasoning?
What constitutes an observation in research?
What constitutes an observation in research?
Which of the following describes inductive inference?
Which of the following describes inductive inference?
If all spiders have eight legs, and the observation states that a tarantula is a spider, what conclusion can be inferred?
If all spiders have eight legs, and the observation states that a tarantula is a spider, what conclusion can be inferred?
Based on the premises given about photosynthesis, which scenario supports the hypothesis?
Based on the premises given about photosynthesis, which scenario supports the hypothesis?
What conclusion can be drawn from the premise that all single detached houses fall under R1 zones and a bungalow is a single detached house?
What conclusion can be drawn from the premise that all single detached houses fall under R1 zones and a bungalow is a single detached house?
In inductive inference, how is the strength of the conclusion determined?
In inductive inference, how is the strength of the conclusion determined?
Which of the following best describes abductive inference?
Which of the following best describes abductive inference?
What can be inferred from the observation that hospitals with biophilic interventions make patients recover swiftly?
What can be inferred from the observation that hospitals with biophilic interventions make patients recover swiftly?
If an observation notes that the Philippines has been in a rainy season from June to October for the past years, what can be concluded?
If an observation notes that the Philippines has been in a rainy season from June to October for the past years, what can be concluded?
Which situation exemplifies abductive reasoning?
Which situation exemplifies abductive reasoning?
What is a characteristic of inductive inference?
What is a characteristic of inductive inference?
When might researchers use abductive inference in their studies?
When might researchers use abductive inference in their studies?
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Study Notes
Inferences in Research
- Inference involves deriving logical conclusions from known or assumed true premises and observations.
- It is a reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions or hypotheses.
Key Concepts
- Premises: Statements that provide the foundation for an argument, serving as starting points for conclusions.
- Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting relationships between variables, guiding scientific research.
- Observation: Data collected through the senses or measurements, essential for understanding phenomena.
- Conclusion: The final judgment reached through reasoning from premises and observations.
Examples of Premises and Hypothesis
- Example Premises:
- Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis is necessary for plant growth.
- Hypothesis: Increased sunlight exposure leads to taller plant growth.
- Observations:
- Plant A (8 hours sunlight) grew 10 inches;
- Plant B (4 hours sunlight) grew 6 inches.
- Conclusion: More sunlight positively impacts plant growth, supporting the hypothesis.
Types of Inferences
-
Deductive Inference:
- Reasoning from general premises to specific conclusions.
- Provides certainty if the premises are accurate.
- Example: All mammals have backbones; a whale is a mammal; therefore, a whale has a backbone.
-
Inductive Inference:
- Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations.
- Provides probabilistic conclusions based on evidence.
- Example: If it has rained during June to October for years, it is likely to rain during those months next year.
-
Abductive Inference:
- Reasoning to the best possible explanation given the evidence available.
- Provides plausible explanations but lacks guaranteed certainty.
- Example: If the ground is wet, the best explanation might be that it rained overnight.
Applications in Research
- Deductive Inference: Commonly used in hypothesis testing; researchers derive specific predictions from general theories.
- Inductive Inference: Often applied in qualitative research and exploratory studies as patterns lead to generalizations.
- Abductive Inference: Valuable for forming hypotheses when data is incomplete or ambiguous, guiding further research investigations.
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