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Questions and Answers
Match the terms related to Infective Endocarditis with their definitions:
Match the terms related to Infective Endocarditis with their definitions:
Colonization = Invasion of the heart valves by a microbe Friable vegetation = Bulk material composed of thrombotic debris and organisms Mural endocardium = Inner layer of the heart wall Destruction of cardiac tissue = Damage caused by the infection to heart structures
Match the types of heart valves mentioned in Infective Endocarditis with their characteristics:
Match the types of heart valves mentioned in Infective Endocarditis with their characteristics:
Native valve = Naturally occurring heart valves Prosthetic valve = Artificial replacement for heart valves Bulky vegetation = Mass created from thrombotic debris and organisms Microbe = Pathogen causing the infection
Match the clinical terms with their implications in Infective Endocarditis:
Match the clinical terms with their implications in Infective Endocarditis:
Thrombotic debris = Particles formed from blood clots Heart valves = Structures that control blood flow in the heart Cardiac tissue = Muscle tissue of the heart Bacterial invasion = Entry of bacteria into bodily tissues
Match the outcomes of Infective Endocarditis with their descriptions:
Match the outcomes of Infective Endocarditis with their descriptions:
Match the pathogenic concepts from Infective Endocarditis with their details:
Match the pathogenic concepts from Infective Endocarditis with their details:
Match the following phenomena with their definitions or characteristics:
Match the following phenomena with their definitions or characteristics:
Match the various types of investigations with their descriptions:
Match the various types of investigations with their descriptions:
Match the types of antimicrobial therapy with their key requirements:
Match the types of antimicrobial therapy with their key requirements:
Match the major criteria for blood culture findings with their implications:
Match the major criteria for blood culture findings with their implications:
Match the types of valvular abnormalities with their descriptions:
Match the types of valvular abnormalities with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Definition
- Infective endocarditis is an infection affecting the endocardial surface of the heart.
- It involves colonization or invasion of heart valves (native or prosthetic) or the mural endocardium by microorganisms.
- Characterized by bulky, friable vegetations formed from thrombotic debris and organisms.
- Frequently associated with destruction of underlying cardiac tissue and may present vasculitic or immunologic phenomena.
Diagnosis
- Blood cultures may indicate the presence of an organism, aiding in diagnosis.
- Positive echocardiographic findings include detection of vegetations.
- New valvular regurgitation is a significant clinical finding for diagnosis.
Investigations
- Echocardiography is a key diagnostic tool for visualizing vegetations and assessing heart structure.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) aids in evaluating cardiac rhythm and possible conduction abnormalities.
- Chest X-ray (CXR) is used to identify any associated pulmonary complications.
- Blood tests are crucial for assessing infection and overall health.
Treatment
- Antimicrobial therapy is driven by the specific pathogen identified and its susceptibility pattern.
- Start empirical therapy promptly targeting the most likely pathogens.
- Use of bactericidal drugs is recommended for effective treatment.
- Resolution of fever typically occurs within 5 to 7 days; persistent fever necessitates evaluation for complications such as paravalvular or extracardiac abscesses.
- Serologic abnormalities normalize slowly and do not accurately reflect treatment response.
Surgery Indications
- Surgery is indicated in cases of severely damaged valves or direct extension of infection into myocardial structures.
- Consideration for intervention includes prosthetic valve dysfunction, presence of fungi, or resistant organisms.
- Large vegetations may also necessitate surgical removal to prevent embolic complications.
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