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______ barked
Dog
The cat ______
meowed
______ may become infected from patients and shed the organism in milk
Cow
Man: Predominantly subclinical. Suppurative impetigo, furuncles or boils, pneumonia, mastitis, osteomyelitis or ______
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Man: Group A causes sore throat, scarlet fever, erysipelas, ulcerative endocarditis, glomerulonephritis and ______ fever
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Animals: Group A udder infections are inapparent. Other groups cause mastitis, strangles, abortions, metritis, and sometimes ______
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Adequately and rapidly refrigerate foods of animal origin or maintain at higher ______
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Elimination of sick and tuberculinreacting ______.
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Culture from patients and suspected sources. Personal hygiene, mastitis control, pasteurization. Chemotherapy intramammary infusion with ______
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Keep infected people away from pigs, dogs, and ______.
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TETANUS Lock jaw caused by Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming, anaerobic ______ bacterium
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Reservoir for TICK-BORN RELAPSING FEVER: Complex of environmental contamination and animals, especially ______ animals
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BCG vaccine and chemotherapy used in ______ only.
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BORRELIOSIS, Spirochaetosis, Recurrent typhus, Spirochaetal fever are associated with ______
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Most inspection of wild hares killed in ______ foci.
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Rodents and arthropod ______.
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Infection of wounds with spores in soil or dust-contaminated objects. Reservoir: Wild animals & Ornithodoros ticks. Animal affected: Armadillos, opossums, weasels, tree squirrels, bats, mice; reported in horses & ______
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Ulceroglandular form with regional ______.
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AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes antimicrobial resistant organisms are found in ______, animals, food, plants and the environment
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Main drivers of antimicrobial resistance misuse and overuse of antimicrobials lack of access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for both ______ and animals
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Broad vs narrow spectrum antibiotics Narrow spectrum antibiotics work against a limited group of ______
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It is preferable to narrow spectrum antibiotics wherever ______
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Examples of AMR Microbes and Parasites Candida auris; resistance to luconazole, amphotericin B and ______
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Malaria: P.falciparum resistance to ______ drug-resistant HIV: antiretroviral (ARV) drugs rifampicin-resistant TB methicillin-resistant S.
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The main mechanisms of resistance include limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. These mechanisms may be native to the microorganisms, or acquired from other microorganisms. What is the term used for the genes that are naturally occurring in the bacteria, but are only expressed to resistance levels after exposure to an antibiotic?
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Persistence is undoubtedly due to the fact that some cells in a bacterial population may be in stationary growth phase (dormant). Most antimicrobial agents have no effect on cells that are not actively growing and dividing. Persister cells occur at a rate of around 1% in a culture that is in stationary phase. What is the term used for a trait that is shared universally within a bacterial species independent of previous antibiotic exposure?
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The most common bacterial mechanisms involved in intrinsic resistance include reduced permeability of the outer membrane (most specifically the lipopolysaccharide, LPS, in gram-negative bacteria) and the natural activity of efflux pumps. Although multidrug efflux pumps are also a common mechanism of induced resistance, what is the term used for a trait that is not related to horizontal gene transfer?
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______ involves the acquisition of genetic material that confers resistance. This can be possible through all of the main routes by which bacteria acquire any genetic material: transformation, transposition, and conjugation. What is the term used for the acquisition of genetic material that may be temporary or permanent?
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______ involves gene transfer agents virus-like elements encoded by the host that are found in the alphaproteobacterial order Rhodobacterales. What is the term used for the genetic material that is shared among bacteria through HGT?
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What does MRSA stand for?
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