Infectious Diseases: Strep and More

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Questions and Answers

Which disease is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes?

Chlamydia

Ebola Virus Disease

Trachoma

Zika Virus Disease (correct)

HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through casual contact.

False

What is the causative agent of Yellow Fever?

Yellow Fever virus

The primary reservoir for Eastern Equine Encephalitis is the _____ .

bird Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their mode of transmission:

Gonorrhea = Sexual contact Dengue = Mosquito bite Trachoma = Direct contact with contaminated water Hepatitis B = Blood transfusion or sexual contact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Chlamydia?

Abdominal pain Signup and view all the answers

Dengue fever has a short incubation period of 3-14 days.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is responsible for causing the Zika Virus Disease?

Zika virus Signup and view all the answers

The main preventive measure for Ebola is _____ .

avoidance of contact with infected individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Gonorrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is primarily associated with a bacterium that exhibits virulence factors such as exotoxins?

Scarlet Fever Signup and view all the answers

Chikungunya is caused by a virus that can also lead to respiratory symptoms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

The mode of transmission for measles is primarily through ______.

airborne droplets Signup and view all the answers

Match the disease with its primary symptoms:

Chickenpox = Itchy rash and blisters Diphtheria = Thick gray membrane in throat Pertussis = Severe coughing fits Rubella = Rash and mild fever Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has a preventive measure that includes vaccination?

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

Influenza is spread exclusively through vector-borne transmission.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a common predisposing factor for pneumonia?

Age and underlying health conditions Signup and view all the answers

Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected ______.

mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of smallpox?

Severe rash with pus-filled blisters Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Streptococcal Pharyngitis/Strep Throat

Caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes).
Characterized by rapid onset sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
Incubation period typically ranges from 2 to 4 days.
Reservoir is primarily asymptomatic humans.
Spread via respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected surfaces.
Prevention includes good hygiene practices, such as handwashing.
Treatment involves antibiotics, often penicillin.
Predisposing factors include age (most common in children) and exposure to others with strep.
Diagnosis is confirmed through rapid antigen test or throat culture.

Scarlet Fever

Caused by the same bacteria as strep throat, producing a specific toxin.
Symptoms include a red rash, high fever, and strawberry tongue.
Incubation period is about 1 to 7 days.
Reservoir consists of humans, particularly children.
Transmitted via respiratory droplets like strep throat.
Preventative measures include treating strep throat promptly.
Treatment usually consists of antibiotics.
Common in children aged 5 to 15 years.
Diagnosis often relies on clinical signs and a history of strep infection.

Diphtheria

Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria.
Virulence factor includes diphtheria toxin, which can damage tissues.
Symptoms involve a sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and a gray coating on the throat.
Incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days.
Reservoir is predominantly humans with asymptomatic carriers.
Spread through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects.
Vaccination (DTaP) is essential for prevention.
Treatment includes antitoxin and antibiotics.
More severe in unvaccinated populations.
Diagnosis through throat culture and other clinical examinations.

Pertussis/Whooping Cough

Caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
Characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a "whooping" sound upon inhalation.
Incubation period ranges from 7 to 10 days.
Reservoir is primarily humans.
Transmitted via respiratory droplets.
Prevention through vaccination (DTaP or Tdap).
Treatment includes antibiotics to lessen severity and duration.
Infants are at higher risk for complications.
Diagnosis through PCR test or culture of nasopharyngeal swab.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia/Typical Pneumonia

Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Incubation period varies but typically 1 to 3 days.
Reservoir includes asymptomatic carriers in the nasopharynx.
Spread through respiratory droplets.
Preventive measures involve vaccination (Pneumococcal vaccine).
Treatment with antibiotics, particularly penicillin or its derivatives.
Risk factors include age, existing lung diseases, and weakened immunity.
Diagnosis through chest X-rays, blood cultures, and sputum analysis.

Tuberculosis

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Virulence factor is its ability to evade immune response and form tubercles.
Symptoms may include persistent cough, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Incubation period can be several weeks to months.
Reservoir is primarily humans.
Spread through airborne droplets from coughs or sneezes.
Preventive measures include vaccination (BCG) and screening high-risk individuals.
Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy (isoniazid and rifampicin).
Common in immunocompromised individuals.
Diagnosis through skin tests, blood tests, and chest X-rays.

Influenza/Flu

Caused by various strains of influenza viruses (A, B, C).
Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, and respiratory distress.
Incubation period is typically 1 to 4 days.
Reservoir includes infected humans and animals (pigs, birds).
Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets and surfaces.
Vaccination is crucial for prevention.
Antiviral medications may reduce severity and duration of illness.
High-risk groups include young children and elderly individuals.
Diagnosis via rapid tests or PCR.

Coronavirus Disease 2019/COVID-19

Caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Symptoms range from mild to severe respiratory illness, fever, and loss of taste or smell.
Incubation period averages around 5 to 6 days, but can be up to 14 days.
Reservoir is primarily humans.
Transmitted via respiratory droplets and aerosols.
Preventive measures include vaccination, wearing masks, and social distancing.
Treatment focuses on symptom management; antiviral drugs can be prescribed.
High-risk populations include the elderly and those with underlying health conditions.
Diagnosis through PCR or rapid antigen tests.

Smallpox

Caused by the variola virus.
Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and a characteristic rash with pustules.
Incubation period is 7 to 17 days.
Reservoir is only humans.
Spread through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals.
Vaccination has eradicated smallpox globally, with no longer a need for routine vaccination.
Treatment is primarily supportive; antiviral medications may help.
Historically severe with high mortality rates.
Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms.

Chickenpox

Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
Symptoms include itchy rash, fever, and tiredness.
Incubation period ranges from 10 to 21 days.
Reservoir is exclusively humans.
Spread through respiratory droplets and direct contact with lesions.
Vaccination significantly reduces incidence and severity.
Treatment involves antihistamines and, in severe cases, antiviral medications.
Common in children but can affect adults more severely.
Diagnosis based on clinical presentation and history of exposure.

Shingles

Result of reactivation of VZV, following past chickenpox infection.
Symptoms include painful rash, itching, and flu-like symptoms.
Incubation period after reactivation can vary widely.
Reservoir is individuals previously infected with chickenpox.
Spread primarily through direct contact with shingles rash.
Vaccination (shingles vaccine) can reduce risk.
Treatment includes antiviral medications and pain relievers.
Increasingly common in older adults.
Diagnosis based on clinical appearance of rash.

Measles/Rubeola

Caused by the measles virus.
Symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash that begins on the face and spreads.
Incubation period is typically 7 to 14 days.
Reservoir is exclusively humans.
Highly contagious, spread via respiratory droplets.
Prevention through vaccination (MMR) is essential.
Treatment focuses on symptom management; no antiviral exists.
Complications can be severe, especially in young children.
Diagnosis based on characteristic rash and symptoms.

Rubella/German Measles

Caused by the rubella virus.
Symptoms include mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes.
Incubation period is about 14 to 21 days.
Reservoir is humans.
Spread through respiratory droplets.
Preventive measure includes vaccination (MMR).
Treatment primarily involves symptomatic relief.
Low mortality but can cause significant harm if contracted during pregnancy.
Diagnosis made by serological tests.

Tetanus

Caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria.
Symptoms include muscle stiffness, spasms, and lockjaw.
Incubation period usually ranges from 7 to 10 days.
Reservoir includes the environment (soil, dust).
Transmitted through contaminated wounds.
Vaccination (Tdap) is crucial for prevention.
Treatment involves antitoxin, antibiotics, and supportive care.
Often affects unvaccinated individuals.
Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms.

Gas Gangrene

Caused by Clostridium species (often C. perfringens).
Symptoms include swollen, painful areas around wounds, with foul-smelling discharge.
Incubation period can be as little as 6 to 72 hours.
Reservoir is common in soil and human intestines.
Transmission through contaminated wounds.
Prompt wound care and timely treatment are key to prevention.
Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical intervention (debridement).
Predisposing factors include trauma and compromised circulation.
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and culture of the organism.

Histoplasmosis

Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum fungus.
Symptoms may include fever, cough, and fatigue, leading to pneumonia-like illness.
Incubation period usually ranges from 3 to 17 days.
Reservoir is found in soil, especially in areas with bird or bat droppings.
Spread through inhalation of airborne spores.
Preventive measures include avoiding areas with contaminated soil.
Treatment may include antifungal medications for severe cases.
Predisposing factors include immunocompromised status.
Diagnosis often involves culture or antigen tests.

Coccidioidomycosis/Valley Fever

Caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii fungi.
Symptoms can include fever, cough, fatigue, and rash.
Incubation period typically ranges from 1 to 3 weeks.
Reservoir is soil in specific arid regions (southwestern U.S.).
Spread through inhalation of airborne spores.
Preventive measures include avoiding exposure in endemic areas.
Treatment is only needed for severe cases; antifungals are prescribed.
Risk involves individuals with compromised immune systems.
Diagnosis usually via serological testing.

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Description

This quiz covers various infectious diseases including Streptococcal Pharyngitis, Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, and Pertussis. Participants will learn about the causative agents, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Test your knowledge on modes of transmission and preventive measures!