Infectious Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common disease caused by viruses?

  • COVID-19 (correct)
  • Anthrax
  • Salmonella
  • Tuberculosis

    • What type of staining techniques are used for different infectious agents?

  • Simple staining
  • Acid-fast staining
  • Fluorescent staining
  • Gram staining (correct)

    • Which infectious agent is only visible with an electron microscope?

  • Viruses (correct)
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Bacteria

    • What is a notable example of a protozoan that causes a common disease in humans?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious agent is generally visible under a light microscope?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five types of infectious agents (microbes) that can affect any tissue in the body?

    <p>Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths, viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR), which of the following statements accurately describes the process and its distinctive features?

    <p>RT-PCR is designed for the amplification of RNA, initiating with a reverse transcription step, followed by denaturation, annealing, and elongation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of infections?

    <p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms are thought to have a role in resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, and controlling immune function?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)?

    <p>Identifying antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of pathogenic bacteria?

    <p>They can cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of histochemical staining for microorganism detection, why is histochemical staining not the preferred method for identifying microbes?

    <p>Histochemical staining lacks specificity in microbial identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogenic bacteria cause damage in the body?

    <p>By killing cells and releasing toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of serologic identification in diagnosing infections?

    <p>Detects and measures levels of antibodies in blood samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gut microbiome in humans?

    <p>Metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of bacteria in the gut microbiome?

    <p>They can be harmful or beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of most bacteria in the body?

    <p>They are neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages involved in viral pathogenesis?

    <p>Entry, local replication, dissemination, shedding, and onward transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of viruses?

    <p>Small genetic code collections surrounded by a protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does SARS-CoV-2 enter human cells?

    <p>Through the fusion of the virus membrane with the human cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of viral entry for SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Fusion of the virus membrane with the human cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases?

    <p>Used for detection of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Reverse Transcription PCR?

    <p>Targets RNA and is used for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of viruses in causing disease?

    <p>Can cause local or systemic disease, destroy host cells, and induce cell death or immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of Long COVID?

    <p>Occurs due to the pathophysiological processes associated with COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of viral pathogenesis?

    <p>Destruction of host cells and induction of cell death or immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of viruses as carriers?

    <p>May have carriers without symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the notable infectious diseases of the 21st century mentioned in the text?

    <p>COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and Zika virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) differ from conventional PCR?

    <p>RT-PCR utilizes RNA as the starting template and involves a reverse transcription step.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does histochemical staining play in microbial detection within tissue?

    <p>Histochemical staining allows for the visualization and localization of microbes in stained tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can histochemical staining be considered beneficial in microbial detection?

    <p>When advanced molecular techniques are the primary diagnostic tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pathogenic bacteria interactions, which classification is given to bacteria that establish relationships where both the bacteria and host cells benefit?

    <p>Mutualistic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes commensal interactions from mutualistic interactions in the context of bacteria-host relationships?

    <p>Mutualistic interactions lead to neutral outcomes for both bacteria and host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bacteria classified in interactions where they cause harm to host cells?

    <p>Pathogenic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the initiation of a cytokine storm, particularly in the context of a severe inflammatory response?

    <p>Cytokines orchestrate an excessive and dysregulated immune response, leading to a cytokine storm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a cytokine storm impact various organ systems beyond the site of infection, contributing to severe complications?

    <p>Excessive cytokine release can lead to systemic inflammation, affecting multiple organ systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the genome organization of SARS-CoV-2 from other viruses?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2 has a single-stranded RNA genome with the entire genetic information on one strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'spike-like' proteins on the surface of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>They facilitate the attachment of the virus to receptors on human cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the fusion of the virus membrane with the human cell membrane contribute to the infection process of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>It enables the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific cellular receptor is targeted by the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 during the viral entry process, and where is this receptor primarily expressed?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), primarily expressed in cells of the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the host cell protease TMPRSS2 play in the viral entry process of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>TMPRSS2 cleaves the spike protein, exposing a fusion peptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    fter the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, what is the immediate consequence for the viral genetic material?

    <p>The viral genetic material is released into the host cell cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can lytic viruses trigger cell death in host cells, and what is a potential consequence of this process?

    <p>By triggering necrosis, potentially causing inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of viral pathogenesis, how do lytic viruses primarily contribute to the destruction of host cells?

    <p>By inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the induction of apoptosis in major immune cells play in persistent viral infections?

    <p>It acts as a mechanism of immunosuppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Impact of Infectious Diseases

    • The 21st century has seen outbreaks of several severe infectious diseases, including COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and Zika virus.
    • Viruses are small genetic code collections surrounded by a protein coat and cannot replicate alone; they cause damage to the host organism and may have carriers without symptoms.
    • Viral pathogenesis involves five stages: entry, local replication, dissemination, shedding, and onward transmission to a third host.
    • Viruses can cause local or systemic disease, destroy host cells, and induce cell death or immunosuppression.
    • SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus with "crown-like" particles and spike proteins that allow it to enter human cells.
    • Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry involve the fusion of the virus membrane with the human cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter and replicate within the host cell.
    • Long COVID occurs due to the pathophysiological processes associated with COVID-19.
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used for gene cloning, gene mutagenesis, functional gene analysis, diagnosis and monitoring of hereditary diseases, and detection of microorganisms.
    • Reverse Transcription PCR targets RNA and is used for the same purposes as PCR, but it starts with a reverse transcription step.

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    2.6 Pathology Lecture 6.pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the impact of infectious diseases with this quiz. Explore viral pathogenesis, SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms, and the use of PCR for diagnosis and monitoring. Dive into the world of infectious diseases and their effects on human health.

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