Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which strain of BCG is referenced as an adjunctive therapy in malignancies?
Which strain of BCG is referenced as an adjunctive therapy in malignancies?
What does the 'C' in the urease C encoding gene refer to in the context of the vaccine?
What does the 'C' in the urease C encoding gene refer to in the context of the vaccine?
Which group of Runyon's classification does not produce pigments?
Which group of Runyon's classification does not produce pigments?
Which of the following is classified as a rapid grower in Runyon's classification?
Which of the following is classified as a rapid grower in Runyon's classification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which Enterococcus can infect humans?
What is the primary mechanism by which Enterococcus can infect humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common shortcoming of chemoprophylaxis for latent tuberculosis?
What is a common shortcoming of chemoprophylaxis for latent tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is most likely associated with viridans streptococci?
Which condition is most likely associated with viridans streptococci?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended duration of treatment with isoniazid or ethambutol for selected high-risk tuberculin reactors?
What is the recommended duration of treatment with isoniazid or ethambutol for selected high-risk tuberculin reactors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species is classified under the group of non-photochromogens?
Which species is classified under the group of non-photochromogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary drug of choice for treating infections caused by Enterococcus?
What is the primary drug of choice for treating infections caused by Enterococcus?
Signup and view all the answers
What improvement does the modified BCG vaccine offer in immunogenicity?
What improvement does the modified BCG vaccine offer in immunogenicity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hemolytic pattern is exhibited by Group F streptococci?
Which type of hemolytic pattern is exhibited by Group F streptococci?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of Enterococcus species when identified on blood agar?
What is the characteristic of Enterococcus species when identified on blood agar?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is NOT primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which condition is NOT primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species is associated with causing infections in horses and cattle?
Which species is associated with causing infections in horses and cattle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method for identifying species of streptococci?
What is the primary method for identifying species of streptococci?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the estimated average mortality rate of the pandemic mentioned?
What was the estimated average mortality rate of the pandemic mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
Where did the majority of COVID-19 cases in China originate?
Where did the majority of COVID-19 cases in China originate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which country experienced a rapid surge of cases with a mortality rate greater than 10% in the early phase of the pandemic?
Which country experienced a rapid surge of cases with a mortality rate greater than 10% in the early phase of the pandemic?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the initial name given to SARS-CoV-2 due to its origin?
What was the initial name given to SARS-CoV-2 due to its origin?
Signup and view all the answers
How long did it take for SARS-CoV-2 to spread to affect the rest of the world?
How long did it take for SARS-CoV-2 to spread to affect the rest of the world?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the recorded number of cases in the USA at the time referenced in the content?
What was the recorded number of cases in the USA at the time referenced in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
When was SARS-CoV-2 first identified?
When was SARS-CoV-2 first identified?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of COVID-19 cases varies among different countries?
What characteristic of COVID-19 cases varies among different countries?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory technique is used for antibody detection in the serum or CSF for diagnosing cysticercosis?
What laboratory technique is used for antibody detection in the serum or CSF for diagnosing cysticercosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which morphological stage of neurocysticercosis (NCC) begins the degenerative process?
Which morphological stage of neurocysticercosis (NCC) begins the degenerative process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with cysticercosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with cysticercosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What imaging methods are crucial for detecting cysticerci in the brain?
What imaging methods are crucial for detecting cysticerci in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an important clinical consequence of basal and ventricular involvement in cysticercosis?
Which of the following is an important clinical consequence of basal and ventricular involvement in cysticercosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of test is used to detect cysticerci through staining with Giemsa?
What type of test is used to detect cysticerci through staining with Giemsa?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a common neurological manifestation of cysticercosis?
Which of the following describes a common neurological manifestation of cysticercosis?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of cysticercosis, how does co-infection with HIV affect its diagnosis or prognosis?
In the context of cysticercosis, how does co-infection with HIV affect its diagnosis or prognosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of the eggs found in stool microscopy for certain trematode infections of the liver?
What is a characteristic feature of the eggs found in stool microscopy for certain trematode infections of the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is recommended to increase the sensitivity of egg detection in stool samples for liver trematode infections?
Which method is recommended to increase the sensitivity of egg detection in stool samples for liver trematode infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the life cycle of liver trematodes from that of schistosomes?
What distinguishes the life cycle of liver trematodes from that of schistosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of Trypanosoma brucei infections, what is the mode of transmission of the disease?
In the context of Trypanosoma brucei infections, what is the mode of transmission of the disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is NOT used in the treatment for cerebral malaria?
Which of the following drugs is NOT used in the treatment for cerebral malaria?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of autoinfection occurs due to unhygienic personal habits?
What type of autoinfection occurs due to unhygienic personal habits?
Signup and view all the answers
What phase of the Trypanosoma brucei infection begins with symptoms like fever and lymphadenopathy?
What phase of the Trypanosoma brucei infection begins with symptoms like fever and lymphadenopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
How are serum antibodies against excretion secretion antigen detected for early diagnosis of trematode infections?
How are serum antibodies against excretion secretion antigen detected for early diagnosis of trematode infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
BCG
- BCG has been used as an adjunctive therapy for malignancies, like bladder carcinoma.
- A recombinant BCG vaccine is under phase II trial (2017).
- Its immunogenicity is improved by replacing the urease C gene.
- It promotes phagolysosome fusion.
Chemoprophylaxis
- Treatment of high-risk tuberculin reactors aims to prevent active tuberculosis.
- Isoniazid or ethambutol for 6 months have been tried.
COVID-19
- Originated in China and spread rapidly worldwide.
- Affected almost every part of the world, causing significant fatalities and a global financial crisis.
- Average mortality rate is estimated to be 2.2%.
- China saw a rapid rise in cases, with Wuhan accounting for > 80% of the cases.
- Cases rapidly declined in China after the initial surge.
- Italy experienced high mortality rate (> 10%) due to a lack of preparedness.
- The USA has the highest reported cases (>3 crore) with a mortality rate of 1.8%.
Enterococcus and other Streptococci
- They cause infections in various body sites, making them relevant in discussions pertaining to different infective syndromes.
- Enterococcus is non or -hemolytic, found as normal flora in the human intestine.
- It causes various infections like UTI, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, and endocarditis.
- Viridans streptococci are α-hemolytic, found as normal flora in the oral cavity.
- They are responsible for dental caries and endocarditis.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is α-hemolytic.
- It primarily causes pneumonia and can spread to cause bacteremia and meningitis.
- It is also recognized as a cause of local infections like otitis media and sinusitis.
Group F Streptococci
- Also known as minute streptococci.
- They grow poorly on blood agar and can occasionally cause suppurative infections.
E.granulosus
- The laboratory diagnosis and treatment are similar to that of E. multilocularis.
Liver Flukes
- Fasciola, Clonorchis, and Opisthorchis are collectively known as liver flukes.
- Fasciola infects the liver and bile duct, while the others infect only the bile duct.
Liver Flukes Life Cycle
- It is similar to other trematodes, excluding schistosomes.
Liver Flukes Laboratory Diagnosis
- Stool microscopy identifies characteristic operculated eggs (130–150 μm × 63–90 μm).
- Concentration techniques, like sedimentation methods, are used to increase sensitivity.
- Floatation methods are not effective.
- Eggs of Fasciola hepatica resemble those of Fasciolopsis buski.
- Antibody detection through ELISA or western blot detects serum antibodies against excretion secretion antigen.
- This helps in early diagnosis before eggs appear in stool, facilitating seroepidemiological studies and monitoring treatment response.
Cerebral Malaria
- Artesunate, artemether, arteether, and quinine are the drugs used for treatment.
African Sleeping Sickness
- Caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense, responsible for Western and Eastern African sleeping sickness, respectively.
- Transmitted by tsetse flies, injecting metacyclic trypomastigotes.
African Sleeping Sickness Pathogenesis
- Begins with the hemolymphatic stage.
- Clinical features include:
- Increased intracranial pressure and hypertension manifesting as headache, vomiting, and vertigo.
- Chronic meningitis.
- Focal neurological deficits.
- Psychological disorders and dementia.
- Cerebral arteritis associated with subarachnoid cysticercosis.
- Basal and ventricular involvement carries a poor prognosis.
NCC (Neurocysticercosis)
- Occurs in four morphological stages: vesicular, necrotic, nodular, and calcified.
- Clinical presentation varies based on:
- Number, location, and size of the cyst.
- Morphological stage of the cyst.
- Host immune response.
- NCC co-infection is increasingly recognized in HIV patients and should be considered.
NCC Clinical Features
- Increased intracranial pressure and hypertension.
- Headache, vomiting, and vertigo.
- Chronic meningitis.
- Focal neurological deficits.
- Psychological disorders and dementia.
- Cerebral arteritis (associated with subarachnoid cysticercosis).
- Basal and ventricular involvement: Carries poor prognosis.
NCC Laboratory Diagnosis
- Radiodiagnosis (Imaging Methods):
- CT scan and MRI are crucial for detecting cysticerci in the brain.
- Antibody detection in serum or CSF:
- ELISA using crude extract of cysticerci.
- Western blot using 13 kDa LLGP Ag.
- Antigen detection in serum or CSF: ELISA.
- Lymphocyte transformation test.
- Histopathology of muscles, eyes, subcutaneous tissues, or brain biopsies: Can detect cysticerci.
- FNAC of the cyst followed by Giemsa staining.
- Fundoscopy of the eye can detect larvae.
- Modified Del Brutto diagnostic criteria.
Cysticercosis
- Autoinfection:
- External: Due to unhygienic practices, such as contaminated fingers.
- Internal: Due to reverse peristaltic movements where gravid segments release eggs back into the stomach.
- Autoinfection carries a bad prognosis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on various infectious diseases, including the use of BCG in malignancies and preventive treatments for tuberculosis. Explore the rise of COVID-19 and its global impact, as well as the role of Enterococcus and streptococci in infections. This quiz covers essential facts and implications of these health issues.
