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Which strain of BCG is referenced as an adjunctive therapy in malignancies?
What does the 'C' in the urease C encoding gene refer to in the context of the vaccine?
Which group of Runyon's classification does not produce pigments?
Which of the following is classified as a rapid grower in Runyon's classification?
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What is the primary mechanism by which Enterococcus can infect humans?
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What is a common shortcoming of chemoprophylaxis for latent tuberculosis?
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Which condition is most likely associated with viridans streptococci?
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What is the recommended duration of treatment with isoniazid or ethambutol for selected high-risk tuberculin reactors?
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Which species is classified under the group of non-photochromogens?
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What is the primary drug of choice for treating infections caused by Enterococcus?
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What improvement does the modified BCG vaccine offer in immunogenicity?
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Which type of hemolytic pattern is exhibited by Group F streptococci?
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What is the characteristic of Enterococcus species when identified on blood agar?
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Which condition is NOT primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Which species is associated with causing infections in horses and cattle?
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What is the primary method for identifying species of streptococci?
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What was the estimated average mortality rate of the pandemic mentioned?
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Where did the majority of COVID-19 cases in China originate?
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Which country experienced a rapid surge of cases with a mortality rate greater than 10% in the early phase of the pandemic?
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What was the initial name given to SARS-CoV-2 due to its origin?
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How long did it take for SARS-CoV-2 to spread to affect the rest of the world?
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What was the recorded number of cases in the USA at the time referenced in the content?
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When was SARS-CoV-2 first identified?
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What characteristic of COVID-19 cases varies among different countries?
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What laboratory technique is used for antibody detection in the serum or CSF for diagnosing cysticercosis?
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Which morphological stage of neurocysticercosis (NCC) begins the degenerative process?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with cysticercosis?
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What imaging methods are crucial for detecting cysticerci in the brain?
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Which of the following is an important clinical consequence of basal and ventricular involvement in cysticercosis?
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What type of test is used to detect cysticerci through staining with Giemsa?
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Which of the following describes a common neurological manifestation of cysticercosis?
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In the context of cysticercosis, how does co-infection with HIV affect its diagnosis or prognosis?
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What is a characteristic feature of the eggs found in stool microscopy for certain trematode infections of the liver?
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Which method is recommended to increase the sensitivity of egg detection in stool samples for liver trematode infections?
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What distinguishes the life cycle of liver trematodes from that of schistosomes?
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In the context of Trypanosoma brucei infections, what is the mode of transmission of the disease?
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Which of the following drugs is NOT used in the treatment for cerebral malaria?
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What type of autoinfection occurs due to unhygienic personal habits?
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What phase of the Trypanosoma brucei infection begins with symptoms like fever and lymphadenopathy?
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How are serum antibodies against excretion secretion antigen detected for early diagnosis of trematode infections?
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Study Notes
BCG
- BCG has been used as an adjunctive therapy for malignancies, like bladder carcinoma.
- A recombinant BCG vaccine is under phase II trial (2017).
- Its immunogenicity is improved by replacing the urease C gene.
- It promotes phagolysosome fusion.
Chemoprophylaxis
- Treatment of high-risk tuberculin reactors aims to prevent active tuberculosis.
- Isoniazid or ethambutol for 6 months have been tried.
COVID-19
- Originated in China and spread rapidly worldwide.
- Affected almost every part of the world, causing significant fatalities and a global financial crisis.
- Average mortality rate is estimated to be 2.2%.
- China saw a rapid rise in cases, with Wuhan accounting for > 80% of the cases.
- Cases rapidly declined in China after the initial surge.
- Italy experienced high mortality rate (> 10%) due to a lack of preparedness.
- The USA has the highest reported cases (>3 crore) with a mortality rate of 1.8%.
Enterococcus and other Streptococci
- They cause infections in various body sites, making them relevant in discussions pertaining to different infective syndromes.
- Enterococcus is non or -hemolytic, found as normal flora in the human intestine.
- It causes various infections like UTI, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, and endocarditis.
- Viridans streptococci are α-hemolytic, found as normal flora in the oral cavity.
- They are responsible for dental caries and endocarditis.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is α-hemolytic.
- It primarily causes pneumonia and can spread to cause bacteremia and meningitis.
- It is also recognized as a cause of local infections like otitis media and sinusitis.
Group F Streptococci
- Also known as minute streptococci.
- They grow poorly on blood agar and can occasionally cause suppurative infections.
E.granulosus
- The laboratory diagnosis and treatment are similar to that of E. multilocularis.
Liver Flukes
- Fasciola, Clonorchis, and Opisthorchis are collectively known as liver flukes.
- Fasciola infects the liver and bile duct, while the others infect only the bile duct.
Liver Flukes Life Cycle
- It is similar to other trematodes, excluding schistosomes.
Liver Flukes Laboratory Diagnosis
- Stool microscopy identifies characteristic operculated eggs (130–150 μm × 63–90 μm).
- Concentration techniques, like sedimentation methods, are used to increase sensitivity.
- Floatation methods are not effective.
- Eggs of Fasciola hepatica resemble those of Fasciolopsis buski.
- Antibody detection through ELISA or western blot detects serum antibodies against excretion secretion antigen.
- This helps in early diagnosis before eggs appear in stool, facilitating seroepidemiological studies and monitoring treatment response.
Cerebral Malaria
- Artesunate, artemether, arteether, and quinine are the drugs used for treatment.
African Sleeping Sickness
- Caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense, responsible for Western and Eastern African sleeping sickness, respectively.
- Transmitted by tsetse flies, injecting metacyclic trypomastigotes.
African Sleeping Sickness Pathogenesis
- Begins with the hemolymphatic stage.
- Clinical features include:
- Increased intracranial pressure and hypertension manifesting as headache, vomiting, and vertigo.
- Chronic meningitis.
- Focal neurological deficits.
- Psychological disorders and dementia.
- Cerebral arteritis associated with subarachnoid cysticercosis.
- Basal and ventricular involvement carries a poor prognosis.
NCC (Neurocysticercosis)
- Occurs in four morphological stages: vesicular, necrotic, nodular, and calcified.
- Clinical presentation varies based on:
- Number, location, and size of the cyst.
- Morphological stage of the cyst.
- Host immune response.
- NCC co-infection is increasingly recognized in HIV patients and should be considered.
NCC Clinical Features
- Increased intracranial pressure and hypertension.
- Headache, vomiting, and vertigo.
- Chronic meningitis.
- Focal neurological deficits.
- Psychological disorders and dementia.
- Cerebral arteritis (associated with subarachnoid cysticercosis).
- Basal and ventricular involvement: Carries poor prognosis.
NCC Laboratory Diagnosis
- Radiodiagnosis (Imaging Methods):
- CT scan and MRI are crucial for detecting cysticerci in the brain.
- Antibody detection in serum or CSF:
- ELISA using crude extract of cysticerci.
- Western blot using 13 kDa LLGP Ag.
- Antigen detection in serum or CSF: ELISA.
- Lymphocyte transformation test.
- Histopathology of muscles, eyes, subcutaneous tissues, or brain biopsies: Can detect cysticerci.
- FNAC of the cyst followed by Giemsa staining.
- Fundoscopy of the eye can detect larvae.
- Modified Del Brutto diagnostic criteria.
Cysticercosis
- Autoinfection:
- External: Due to unhygienic practices, such as contaminated fingers.
- Internal: Due to reverse peristaltic movements where gravid segments release eggs back into the stomach.
- Autoinfection carries a bad prognosis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various infectious diseases, including the use of BCG in malignancies and preventive treatments for tuberculosis. Explore the rise of COVID-19 and its global impact, as well as the role of Enterococcus and streptococci in infections. This quiz covers essential facts and implications of these health issues.
