Infectious Diseases Overview

<p>They provide a framework for identifying the causative agents of infectious diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various methods exist for the transmission of infectious diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sanitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To slow the spread of infection to manage healthcare resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower-middle income countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes weaker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogens reproduce more quickly than hosts, leading to evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The severity of a disease caused by a pathogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pattern of infection incidence over a specific time frame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living in a low resource environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are infectious proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kuru (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through intermediary species such as insects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of disease vectors for transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Droplet transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a common entry point due to thin epithelial tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating conditions through disrupted transmission modes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pathogen must have a known vector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot complete their life cycle without a host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most fungi are harmful to humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helminths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can easily evade the host's immune defenses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor proteins on host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By feeding on host tissues and nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in humans. They include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths, and prions.

The six main groups of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths, and prions.

Sanitation plays a major role in reducing infectious diseases. It helps to prevent the spread of pathogens by improving hygiene practices and access to clean water.

Factors like improved sanitation, vaccinations, and medications have significantly reduced infectious disease mortality.

Infants and young children are more susceptible to infectious diseases than older adults.

A setting with limited access to healthcare, sanitation, and other essential resources. This often leads to weakened immune systems and increased vulnerability to infections.

A graph showing the incidence of a disease over time, typically characterized by a sharp increase in cases followed by a decline. It represents the spread of a disease through a population.

Strategies aimed at slowing the spread of a disease, not necessarily stopping it, but extending the timeline to reduce the strain on healthcare systems. This is often achieved by social distancing, hygiene practices, and vaccination.

Infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases can emerge due to environmental changes, human encroachment, or contact with infected animals.

The severity of a disease caused by a pathogen. It can vary depending on factors like the pathogen's ability to spread and its impact on the host.

The concept that microorganisms, specifically bacteria, cause infectious diseases. These diseases are caused by the invasion and multiplication of germs within host organisms.

A set of four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a specific microbe and a specific disease.

The specific pathogen must always be found in persons suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy individuals.

The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

The cultured pathogen should cause the disease when introduced into a healthy individual.

The pathogen must be isolated again from the inoculated, now diseased, individual and match the original pathogen.

A tiny infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. They are made up of a protein coat surrounding DNA or RNA.

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus. They reproduce by duplicating their DNA and dividing into two daughter cells.

Infectious proteins that lack RNA or DNA and cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions, leading to brain damage resembling a sponge.

A TSE found in humans, primarily affecting the Fore people of Papua New Guinea, transmitted through ritualistic cannibalism.

The spread of pathogens through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials.

Cells forming a protective layer in the body's outer regions, including skin, respiratory, digestive systems, and reproductive tracts.

Spread of pathogens through respiratory droplets expelled by coughing, sneezing, or talking within a short distance (less than 1 meter).

Spread of pathogens via intermediate species (like insects or animals) or materials (like food, water, or objects) that carry the pathogen.

The change in the severity of a pathogen over time, influenced by factors like transmission methods and host mobility.

A disease caused by microorganisms that use a host's resources to reproduce, leading to an immune response or disruption of the body's normal functions.

The organism that is infected by a specific infectious agent.

An infectious disease is caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that use the host's resources to reproduce, leading to an immune response or disruption of the body's normal functions.

The theory that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases.