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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of infection?
What is the definition of infection?
- A disorder of structure or function in the host that adversely impacts the host
- A disorder of structure or function in the host that is a result of physical injury
- A disease caused by a pathogenic microorganism
- The invasion and multiplication of pathogens in an individual or population (correct)
What is the term for diseases that can be spread directly or indirectly from one animal to another?
What is the term for diseases that can be spread directly or indirectly from one animal to another?
- Infectious diseases
- Pathogenic diseases
- Invasive diseases
- Communicable diseases (correct)
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
- Dispersal efficiency
- Inoculation dose
- Survival efficiency
- Pathogenicity (correct)
What is the importance of Koch's postulates?
What is the importance of Koch's postulates?
What is One Health?
What is One Health?
What is the term for the study of the cause of disease?
What is the term for the study of the cause of disease?
Who is credited with discovering the bacteria responsible for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera?
Who is credited with discovering the bacteria responsible for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera?
What type of relationship exists between a microbe and its host when neither is harmed and one or both derive a benefit?
What type of relationship exists between a microbe and its host when neither is harmed and one or both derive a benefit?
What is the term for a microorganism that is capable of causing disease?
What is the term for a microorganism that is capable of causing disease?
What is the term for a microorganism that must produce disease to transmit and thereby survive evolutionarily?
What is the term for a microorganism that must produce disease to transmit and thereby survive evolutionarily?
Who is credited with demonstrating that a silkworm disease was contagious and caused by a microscopic fungus?
Who is credited with demonstrating that a silkworm disease was contagious and caused by a microscopic fungus?
Which type of pathogen requires significant impairment of the host's immunity to cause disease?
Which type of pathogen requires significant impairment of the host's immunity to cause disease?
What is the term for a microorganism that is transmitted to the host from an environmental source such as water or soil?
What is the term for a microorganism that is transmitted to the host from an environmental source such as water or soil?
What type of pathogen can infect and multiply in hosts, but is also capable of multiplying in the environment?
What type of pathogen can infect and multiply in hosts, but is also capable of multiplying in the environment?
What is the term for a microorganism that is a colonizer or pathogen on animals and that can be transmitted to humans?
What is the term for a microorganism that is a colonizer or pathogen on animals and that can be transmitted to humans?
What is the term for a microorganism that is not a commensal, but can produce asymptomatic infections?
What is the term for a microorganism that is not a commensal, but can produce asymptomatic infections?
How do commensal pathogens enter the host?
How do commensal pathogens enter the host?
What is the essential trait for obligate pathogens?
What is the essential trait for obligate pathogens?
Why may Koch's postulates not be fulfilled for some pathogens?
Why may Koch's postulates not be fulfilled for some pathogens?
What occurs during the incubation stage of an infectious disease?
What occurs during the incubation stage of an infectious disease?
Who first observed microorganisms?
Who first observed microorganisms?
What is the term for a microorganism that is invisible to the naked eye?
What is the term for a microorganism that is invisible to the naked eye?
What type of microorganism is capable of causing disease?
What type of microorganism is capable of causing disease?
What is the term for a microorganism that is a normal inhabitant of the animal body?
What is the term for a microorganism that is a normal inhabitant of the animal body?
Who developed the pasteurization process and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax?
Who developed the pasteurization process and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax?
What is the size order of microorganisms, from smallest to largest?
What is the size order of microorganisms, from smallest to largest?
What is the primary characteristic of an opportunistic pathogen?
What is the primary characteristic of an opportunistic pathogen?
Which type of pathogen can cause disease in humans through direct contact with an animal or its products?
Which type of pathogen can cause disease in humans through direct contact with an animal or its products?
What is the term for a microorganism that is commonly found within the indigenous microbiota and can cause disease in normal hosts with some regularity?
What is the term for a microorganism that is commonly found within the indigenous microbiota and can cause disease in normal hosts with some regularity?
What type of pathogen can cause disease through vectors such as ticks?
What type of pathogen can cause disease through vectors such as ticks?
What is the primary characteristic of an obligate pathogen?
What is the primary characteristic of an obligate pathogen?
What is necessary for a pathogen to establish a unique habitat within the host?
What is necessary for a pathogen to establish a unique habitat within the host?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Koch’s postulates?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Koch’s postulates?
What occurs during the prodromal stage of an infectious disease?
What occurs during the prodromal stage of an infectious disease?
What is the essential trait for obligate pathogens?
What is the essential trait for obligate pathogens?
What is the primary difference between infection and disease?
What is the primary difference between infection and disease?
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Study Notes
Principles of Infectious Diseases
- Focus on concepts such as susceptible hosts, pathogens, and the environment affecting disease transmission.
- Key factors for susceptible hosts include breed, age, sex, genotype, and immune response.
Terminology
- Infection: Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in a host.
- Disease: Disorder impacting host structure or function, not resulting from physical injury.
- Infectious Diseases: Diseases from pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Etiology: Study of the cause of disease.
Historical Contributions
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: First observed microorganisms in the 1670s.
- Agostino Bassi (1835): Detected a contagious silkworm disease caused by Beauveria bassiana, a fungus.
- Louis Pasteur (1850s-1880s): Investigated microbes in fermentation and disease; developed pasteurization and vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
- Robert Koch (1860s-1880s): Identified bacteria causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera; formulated Koch’s postulates.
Microbe-Host Relationships
- Commensal Organisms: Normal inhabitants that benefit without harming the host; examples include general flora.
- Pathogens: Microorganisms capable of causing disease.
- Obligate Pathogens: Must cause disease to survive; may produce asymptomatic infections.
- Facultative Pathogens: Can cause disease but may also exist in the environment.
- Commensal Pathogens: Generally harmless but can cause disease under compromised immunity.
- Environmental Pathogens: Transmitted from environmental sources like soil or water, e.g., Clostridium species.
- Zoonotic Pathogens: Infect animals and can be transmitted to humans through vectors or direct contact, e.g., rabies.
Attributes of Pathogens
- Pathogens usually enter through skin or mucosal surfaces.
- They establish habitats inside hosts, often breaching defenses.
- Pathogens must multiply to cause disease and exit to infect new hosts.
Outcomes of Exposure to Infectious Agents
- Exposure does not guarantee infection or disease progression.
- Koch’s postulates define criteria for establishing the causal relationship between pathogens and diseases.
Koch’s Postulates
- Suspected pathogens must be present in every disease case.
- Can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
- A healthy individual infected must exhibit the same disease symptoms.
- Must be re-isolated from the newly infected host.
Limitations of Koch’s Postulates
- Difficulty isolating certain organisms in pure or cell-free culture.
- Diseases caused by multiple species interacting.
- Subclinical infections and toxin-mediated diseases not following postulates.
Stages of Infectious Disease
- Incubation: Pathogen multiplies without evident signs.
- Prodromal: Non-specific signs appear.
One Health Concept
- Emphasizes interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
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