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Questions and Answers
What is the basic reproductive rate of a disease?
What is the basic reproductive rate of a disease?
Which type of disease primarily affects the poorest countries?
Which type of disease primarily affects the poorest countries?
What defines an emerging infectious disease?
What defines an emerging infectious disease?
Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
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What does the secondary attack rate measure?
What does the secondary attack rate measure?
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What does the One Health approach primarily focus on?
What does the One Health approach primarily focus on?
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Which factor does NOT influence the movement of people and animals according to the One Health concept?
Which factor does NOT influence the movement of people and animals according to the One Health concept?
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Which disease is NOT classified as zoonotic?
Which disease is NOT classified as zoonotic?
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What is a potential consequence of anti-microbial resistant germs in the context of One Health?
What is a potential consequence of anti-microbial resistant germs in the context of One Health?
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What role does the health of local animal populations play in assessing human health risks?
What role does the health of local animal populations play in assessing human health risks?
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What describes the time from infection to the onset of symptoms?
What describes the time from infection to the onset of symptoms?
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Which factors contribute to a weaker immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases?
Which factors contribute to a weaker immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases?
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What is the term for individuals who do not show symptoms but can still spread an infection?
What is the term for individuals who do not show symptoms but can still spread an infection?
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What does 'case fatality' measure in relation to infectious diseases?
What does 'case fatality' measure in relation to infectious diseases?
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What historical example illustrates the impact of infectious diseases on mortality rates?
What historical example illustrates the impact of infectious diseases on mortality rates?
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What percentage of all infectious diseases is attributed to vector-borne diseases?
What percentage of all infectious diseases is attributed to vector-borne diseases?
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Which of the following is NOT a means of transmission of diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a means of transmission of diseases?
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Who was Typhoid Mary and what was her significance in relation to disease transmission?
Who was Typhoid Mary and what was her significance in relation to disease transmission?
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What is a reservoir in the context of the chain of infection?
What is a reservoir in the context of the chain of infection?
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Which of the following actions is part of epidemiologic surveillance?
Which of the following actions is part of epidemiologic surveillance?
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What is the purpose of breaking the chain of infection?
What is the purpose of breaking the chain of infection?
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Which vector is specifically mentioned as transmitting malaria?
Which vector is specifically mentioned as transmitting malaria?
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What type of pathogens can be transmitted through aerosols?
What type of pathogens can be transmitted through aerosols?
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What is the primary goal of breaking Link 1 in the chain of infection?
What is the primary goal of breaking Link 1 in the chain of infection?
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Which action is crucial for breaking Link 2 in the chain of infection?
Which action is crucial for breaking Link 2 in the chain of infection?
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How can Link 3 be broken in the chain of infection?
How can Link 3 be broken in the chain of infection?
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What method is mentioned as a way to break Link 4 in the chain of infection?
What method is mentioned as a way to break Link 4 in the chain of infection?
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In unique cases like malaria, what is considered an additional chain that can be addressed?
In unique cases like malaria, what is considered an additional chain that can be addressed?
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What is the primary function of surveillance systems in breaking the chain of infection?
What is the primary function of surveillance systems in breaking the chain of infection?
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What is a key feature of the syphilis tracking system in the prison system?
What is a key feature of the syphilis tracking system in the prison system?
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In approaching the chain of infection, what is emphasized by the modern perspective?
In approaching the chain of infection, what is emphasized by the modern perspective?
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Study Notes
Infectious Disease
- Infectious disease is caused by agents like viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
- Advances in nutrition, antibiotics, immunization, food safety, housing, and sanitation have reduced infectious diseases.
- Historical examples include smallpox, TB, syphilis, cholera, and plague, which were major causes of death. The 1918 pandemic resulted in 40 million deaths.
Mechanism of Infection
- When an organism enters the body, the immune system fights it.
- Factors influencing disease development include weakened immune systems from drugs, age, existing conditions, or lack of vaccination.
Stages of Infection
- Incubation period: Time between infection and symptom onset.
- Clinical stage: Marked by symptom appearance.
- Infectious period: Time during which infected person can spread the disease.
Infection from Exposure to Recovery
- The diagram shows the stages from exposure to infection, followed by the recovery period.
Carriers
- Carriers are asymptomatic individuals who can still spread disease.
- Case fatality rate: Proportion of infected individuals who die. Example: 6 out of 10 people with a disease die, resulting in a 60% case fatality rate.
Basic Reproductive Rate
- Measures how infectious a disease is.
- Average number of secondary cases from one infected individual.
Secondary Attack Rate
- Proportion of exposed individuals who develop the infection.
Infectious Disease Types
- Zoonotic Diseases: Animal-to-human transmission.
- 60% of human infectious diseases are zoonotic.
- Examples: Leptospirosis (mice), toxoplasmosis (cats), Campylobacter (chicken), and rabies.
- Emerging Infectious Diseases: Newly appearing or rapidly increasing diseases.
- Examples: Ebola, MERS-CoV, Hendra, new influenza strains.
- Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs): Affect poor countries.
- Examples: Leishmaniasis, Trachoma, sleeping sickness, Schistosomiasis.
Vector-Borne Diseases
- Transmitted from one animal or human to another via an insect or animal vector.
- Examples: Malaria, Dengue, sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis.
- Vector-borne diseases represent over 17% of all infectious diseases and cause approximately one million deaths annually.
Means of Transmission
- Vectors: Insects or animals carrying pathogens.
- Aerosols: Water droplets containing pathogens from coughing or sneezing.
- Fecal-oral route: Transmission via contaminated water or food.
- Carrier state: Asymptomatic carriers who can still transmit disease.
Chain of Infection
- Link 1: Pathogen (virus, bacterium, parasite)
- Link 2: Reservoir (where pathogen lives and multiplies)
- Link 3: Method of transmission (how pathogen moves)
- Link 4: Susceptible host (organism vulnerable to infection)
Breaking the Chain of Infection
- Targeting the pathogen (antibiotics, antivirals).
- Removing the reservoir.
- Isolating the means of transmission (quarantine, etc.).
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of infectious diseases, including their causes, mechanisms of infection, and stages from exposure to recovery. This quiz covers historical examples, the impact of nutrition and sanitation, and factors influencing disease development. Test your knowledge on how diseases spread and the immune system's response.
