51 Questions
What is the function of keratin in the skin?
Waterproofs the skin and protects from microbial invasion
Which layer of the skin contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?
Dermis
What is the most common skin disorder mentioned in the text?
Acne
What is the purpose of good skin hygiene in preventing acne?
To reduce the likelihood of increased sebum production and blocked follicle ducts
What is the most common cause of acne development?
Pore blockage
What is the cause of cold sores and fever blisters?
Herpes simplex virus I
Which bacterium is responsible for causing boils and furuncles?
S. aureus
What can lead to the reactivation of herpes simplex virus?
Stress and excessive sun
What are the causative agents of impetigo?
S. aureus and S. pyogenes
What causes scalded skin syndrome?
Exfoliative exotoxin released by lysogenized strains of S. aureus
How was smallpox eradicated?
Through vaccination
What is the recommended method for preventing herpes?
Avoiding close contact with individuals experiencing outbreaks
Which bacterium is responsible for causing necrotizing fasciitis?
S. pyogenes
What causes Cat Scratch Disease?
Bartonella henselae
What is the most effective way to prevent measles?
MMR vaccine
Which bacterium is responsible for Pseudomonas Infection?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What virus causes rubella, or German measles?
Rubella virus
What causes Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
How are warts caused?
Various papillomaviruses
What is the causative agent of Leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
What is the cause of tinea corporis, capitis, cruris, and pedis?
Various dermatophytes
What causes Chickenpox?
Varicella zoster virus
What causes leishmaniasis?
Leishmania protozoan
What causes Shingles?
Varicella-zoster virus
What is the main defense of the eye?
Conjunctiva and cornea
What is the primary method for preventing chickenpox and shingles?
Vaccine availability
What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis, or 'pink eye'?
Inflammation, itching, burning, and redness of eyes
Which disease is caused by abnormal prions and presents symptoms including insomnia, weight loss, and memory failure?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Which disease is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and can lead to symptoms varying from anxiety and nervousness to coma and death?
Rabies
Which disease can result in asymptomatic infections, minor polio, nonparalytic polio, or paralytic polio, and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route?
Poliomyelitis
Which disease leads to symptoms such as extreme arching of the back, muscle spasms, and rigid paralysis, often resulting in death?
Tetanus
Which disease can be foodborne, infant, or wound-related, and presents symptoms including double vision, difficulty swallowing, and descending muscular paralysis?
Botulism
Which disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and is transmitted by the Tse Tse fly in equatorial Africa, leading to fever, malaise, and eventually coma and death?
African Trypanosomiasis
Which disease is caused by Acanthamoeba and Naegleria, entering the host through skin abrasions or inhalation of contaminated water, and leading to symptoms similar to those of meningitis and encephalitis?
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy
How is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease diagnosed?
By characteristic signs and symptoms
What is the key method for preventing poliomyelitis?
Vaccination
How can botulism be prevented?
Proper food preparation and antitoxin treatment
What is a characteristic symptom of rabies?
Anxiety and nervousness
What is the mode of transmission for African Trypanosomiasis?
Tse Tse fly bite
What is the main cause of otitis media?
S. pneumoniae
How is bacterial meningitis primarily transmitted to the central nervous system?
Through breaks in the bones and meninges
What are the typical symptoms of bacterial meningitis?
Acute onset of fever, headache, painful or stiff neck
Which bacterial species can cause diseases of the nervous system?
Listeria monocytogenes
What is the primary prevention method for arboviral encephalitis?
Limiting contact with mosquitoes
What is the characteristic of prion diseases?
Caused by infectious proteins
What is the treatment for viral forms of meningitis?
No specific treatment
What is the most severe form of bacterial meningitis?
Meningococcal meningitis
What is the role of tubes in the treatment of otitis media in kids?
Drain fluid from the ear
What is the primary route of transmission for arboviruses?
Blood-sucking arthropods
What is the characteristic of subacute encephalitis?
Mostly a protozoan infection
How are viral forms of meningitis different from bacterial forms in terms of duration?
Viral forms usually resolve in 2 weeks
Study Notes
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
- Otitis media is often associated with ear and respiratory infections, and can be caused by a variety of bacteria such as S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus.
- Treatment for otitis media includes antibiotic therapy and tubes for kids.
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain, spinal cord, and neurons, which are surrounded by defenses such as meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier.
- The CNS is an axenic environment, devoid of normal microbiota, but pathogens may access it through breaks in the bones and meninges, medical procedures, or traveling in peripheral neurons.
- Nervous system diseases include meningitis, encephalitis, rabies, poliomyelitis, tetanus, botulism, and African sleeping sickness.
- Bacterial diseases of the nervous system, such as meningitis, can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Streptococcus agalactiae, as well as various fungi and viruses.
- Bacterial meningitis presents with acute onset of fever, headache, painful or stiff neck, increased white blood cells in CSF, and confused or disturbed brain function.
- The most severe form, meningococcal meningitis, is associated with epidemic forms and can lead to petechiae, ecchymosis, shock, and coma, with a 15% mortality rate for treated cases.
- Viral forms of meningitis are generally milder and usually resolve in 2 weeks, with prevention through good hygiene and no specific treatment.
- Arboviruses, transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, can cause arboviral encephalitis, with prevention involving limiting contact with mosquitoes and vaccines available for horses.
- Subacute encephalitis is mostly a protozoan infection, while prion diseases, caused by infectious proteins, include spongiform encephalopathies such as scrapie and mad cow disease.
- Prion diseases leave the brains of victims full of holes and can be contracted by eating meat from infected cattle.
Test your knowledge of infectious diseases affecting the nervous system with this quiz. Explore the causes, symptoms, and treatments of conditions such as otitis media, meningitis, encephalitis, rabies, poliomyelitis, tetanus, botulism, and African sleeping sickness. Learn about the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens that can impact the central nervous system, and understand the preventive measures and treatments available for these diseases.
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