54 Questions
What is the distinguishing feature of Huntington's Chorea among the symptoms stated in the text?
Uncontrolled jerking
Which treatment option is specifically mentioned for unruptured cerebral aneurysms in the text?
Surgery
What is a distinguishing characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) compared to the other diseases mentioned?
It is caused by abnormal infectious protein known as prions.
Which symptom is common in both leptomeningitis and encephalitis as mentioned in the text?
Sudden fever
What type of CJD is likely associated with consuming meat from cows with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)?
Variant
Which disease presents with the symptoms of loss of physical co-ordination, muscle twitches, and severe memory loss?
Kuru
In Huntington's Disease, which part of the brain is particularly affected according to the text?
Striatum
'Endovascular coiling' and 'Neurosurgical clipping' are treatments associated with which condition?
'Cerebral Aneurysm'
Which of the following is characteristic of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) as described in the text?
Dramatic changes in personality and inappropriate social behavior
What is the primary cause of Vascular Dementia according to the text?
Reduced blood flow to the brain
What is a common early symptom of Parkinson’s disease highlighted in the text?
Slowed movement (bradykinesia)
Which genetic mutation is associated with Alzheimer's disease according to the content?
Mutation in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1)
What is a distinctive feature of Alzheimer’s disease neurophysiology highlighted in the text?
Extracellular deposition of β-amyloid peptide
Which treatment option is indicated for patients with Huntington’s disease?
Deep brain stimulation
Dementia is always a specific disease.
False
Vascular Dementia is primarily caused by excessive blood flow to the brain.
False
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) tends to occur at an older age than Alzheimer's Disease.
False
Parkinson's Disease is characterized by muscle stiffness, but not by slowed movement.
False
Huntington's Disease is a sporadic genetic disorder, not inherited.
False
Multi-infarct dementia is caused by a single stroke.
False
Deep brain stimulation is a common treatment for Vascular Dementia.
False
Alzheimer's Disease only affects younger adults and is not related to ageing.
False
Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease includes extracellular deposition of phosphorylated tau protein.
False
Antidepressants cannot be used in the treatment of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD).
False
Huntington's disease primarily affects the striatum and cerebral cortex, which control movement and cognitive functions like thinking and emotions.
True
An unruptured cerebral aneurysm is characterized by a sudden, agonizing headache, stiff neck, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
False
Encephalitis, an inflammatory condition of the brain, can be caused by viral infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and enteroviruses.
True
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is caused by an abnormal, infectious nucleic acid that accumulates in the brain and damages neurons.
False
$\frac{1}{2}(3x + 5y) = 10$ if $x = 2$ and $y = 4$.
True
Kuru, a fatal brain disorder, was prevalent among the Fore people in the highlands of New Guinea due to their practice of ritualistic cannibalism.
True
Nimodipine is a medication used to reduce the risk of cerebral ischemia in patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms.
False
The initial symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) can include hallucinations, severe depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
True
Bacterial meningitis is typically treated with antiviral medications, while viral meningitis is treated with antibiotics.
False
In Huntington's disease, the advanced symptoms include uncontrolled jerking movements known as 'Huntington's Chorea', slurred speech, and personality changes.
True
Huntington's disease primarily affects the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating movement and balance.
False
Unruptured cerebral aneurysms are characterized by sudden, severe headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
False
Antibiotics are used to treat viral meningitis, while antiviral medications are used to treat bacterial meningitis.
False
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is caused by an abnormal, infectious nucleic acid that accumulates in the brain and damages neurons.
False
Parkinson's disease is characterized by muscle stiffness and tremors, but not by slowed movement.
False
Huntington's disease has no cure, but medications can be used to manage the symptoms.
True
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) can be diagnosed using a brain biopsy or autopsy.
True
Encephalitis, an inflammatory condition of the brain, can be caused by viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and enteroviruses.
True
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is likely caused by consuming meat from a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as 'mad cow' disease.
True
Kuru, a fatal brain disorder, was prevalent among the Fore people in the highlands of New Guinea due to their practice of ritualistic cannibalism.
True
Dementia is a specific disease with a clear cause.
False
Frontotemporal dementia tends to occur at an older age than Alzheimer's Disease.
False
Huntington's disease is characterized by the shrinking of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
False
Vascular dementia primarily causes excessive blood flow to the brain.
False
Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the cerebellum.
False
Frontotemporal dementia is more common than Alzheimer's Disease.
False
Vascular dementia is associated with symptoms like muscle stiffness and tremors.
False
Multi-infarct dementia results from a single stroke cutting off blood supply to part of the brain.
False
Alzheimer's disease only affects older adults and is not related to normal ageing.
False
Parkinson's disease presents with symptoms like hallucinations and aphasia in the early stages.
False
Study Notes
-
Huntington's Disease:
- Affects the striatum and cerebral cortex, impacting movement coordination and emotional control.
- Early symptoms include memory lapses, stumbling, clumsiness, and mood swings.
- Advanced symptoms can include uncontrolled jerking (chorea), slurred speech, rigid movements, and breathing/swallowing issues.
- Current treatment focuses on managing symptoms as there is no cure.
-
Cerebral Aneurysm:
- Characterized by a bulge in the brain blood vessel wall due to weakness.
- Symptoms vary based on whether the aneurysm is ruptured or unruptured.
- Treatment options include surgery (coiling or clipping) for unruptured aneurysms and medication like nimodipine for ruptured cases.
-
CNS Infections:
- Includes conditions like leptomeningitis and encephalitis caused by bacterial or viral infections.
- Symptoms of meningitis include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light.
- Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for viral infections, and other supportive care.
-
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD):
- Rare, fatal brain disorder caused by prions leading to neuronal damage.
- Different types include sporadic, variant (linked to mad cow disease), and familial (genetic mutation).
- Symptoms range from neurological issues like coordination problems to psychological symptoms such as depression and memory loss.
-
Dementia:
- Defined as a syndrome with a decline in brain function affecting daily life, with Alzheimer's being the most common form.
- Symptoms of dementia include memory loss, cognitive decline, language problems, and personality changes.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by neuropathological features like senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain atrophy.
-
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD):
- Rare dementia type affecting the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to personality changes and language disturbances.
- Symptoms include social behavior alterations, empathy loss, and speech difficulties.
- There is no cure for FTD, but symptoms can be managed with medications and therapies.
-
Vascular Dementia:
- Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, resulting from various vascular issues.
- Symptoms include confusion, memory problems, and difficulty following instructions.
- Prevention focuses on managing risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
-
Parkinson's Disease:
- Characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and slowed movements.
- Treatment involves medications like levodopa and deep brain stimulation to manage symptoms but no cure currently exists.
Test your knowledge on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington's disease, as well as CNS infections like Meningitis, CJD, and Dementia. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments for these conditions.
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