Infectious Diseases - Calf Care Final Revision

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes H.somni from Mycoplasma in the context of FMD?

It causes pleuropneumonia.

It leads to reproductive disorders.

It is highly contagious among beef cattle.

It does not cause mastitis. (correct)

Which of the following clinical signs is characteristic of thrombotic meningoencephalitis-myelitis (TME)?

Swollen joints and lameness

Fever and head tilt (correct)

Severe diarrhea and weight gain

Persistent coughing and wheezing

In which age group is thrombotic meningoencephalitis-myelitis (TME) most commonly observed?

Adult dairy cows over 2 years

Calves under 3 months

Fattening beef cattle aged 6-12 months (correct)

Young heifers aged 12-24 months

What is the term used to describe the sign of closed or semi-closed eyes associated with TME?

Sleeper syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed about the incidence of the myocardial form of H.somni in recent years?

It remains rare and sporadic. Signup and view all the answers

What component has the highest percentage in colostrum compared to whole milk?

Total Solids % Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of E.Coli infection in calves aged 1 to 3 days?

Watery yellow to white feces Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs when milk is ingested straight into the rumen?

Ruminal drinker syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is most likely to cause diarrhea in calves aged 7 to 28 days?

Clostridium Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal milk flow rate for calves?

2L / 10 min Signup and view all the answers

What temperature is required for the formation of the esophageal groove reflex?

39° C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Rotavirus infection in calves between 8 to 14 days old?

Watery yellow/green feces Signup and view all the answers

Which component of milk decreases significantly from colostrum to whole milk?

Antibodies % Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary virulence factor of M.haemolytica that helps it evade the immune response?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the leukotoxin produced by M.haemolytica primarily have on leukocytes?

Causes damage and releases free radicals Signup and view all the answers

Which serogroup of M.haemolytica is associated with type 4 fimbriae that contribute to host colonization?

Serogroup A Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with M.bovis infections in cattle?

Neurodegeneration Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine development efforts are being focused on for M.haemolytica?

Leukotoxin-based vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable clinical sign associated with H.somni in cattle?

Pleuritis Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of M.haemolytica contributes to its antibiotic resistance?

Biofilm production Signup and view all the answers

What is a common observation during clinical examinations of cattle infected with M.bovis?

Presence of abscesses in lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal timing for the second dose of ScourGuard® 4KC to be administered to pregnant cows?

Within 30 days prior to calving Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is NOT associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)?

Clostridium perfringens Type C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of elevated cortisol levels in cattle experiencing stress?

Immunosuppression Signup and view all the answers

During which age range are calves most at risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease due to a decline in maternal antibodies?

70 to 100 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common social stressor in beef herds that can affect cattle health?

Weaning or social disruption Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Clostridium perfringens Type C primarily have on dairy calves?

Leads to diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which stressor can significantly increase BRD risk in calves right after transportation?

Social stress from mixing with new groups Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary tests done during postmortem examinations for BRD?

Examination of the respiratory system and other tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom associated with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) in calves?

Contagious respiratory disease with high morbidity Signup and view all the answers

What condition may lead to the reactivation of IBR in cattle?

Immunosuppression due to stress Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the post-mortem examination of cattle affected by Mannheimia haemolytica?

Emphysema and consolidation in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used for diagnosing BRSV?

Swabbing the lung and PCR testing Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral condition in calves is commonly linked to significant weight loss due to BRSV?

Reduced feed intake and rumination Signup and view all the answers

What factor is not recommended as a primary prevention method for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)?

Standard antibiotic treatment Signup and view all the answers

What may cause the mortality rate associated with IBR to exceed 2%?

Secondary bacterial infections leading to pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation of the skin symptoms in cattle with IBR?

Fissured and dry skin on the neck and abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of Florfenicol for subcutaneous administration in healthy animals?

1 ml / 7.5 kg Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-inflammatory drug is effective for septicemia and toxemia caused by bacterial infections?

Meloxicam Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for clinically healthy animals in contact with infected animals?

Draxxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing regimen for dexamethasone in a bacterial infection?

10 ml, 5 ml, 2.5 ml over three days Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is contraindicated for treatment as it is used for prophylaxis only?

Zeleris Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of exceeding the dosage of Etaphylline?

Heart block Signup and view all the answers

What describes the acute form of Babesiosis?

Rapid multiplication and clinical signs Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Bovine Babesiosis, what is the shape of B.bigemina?

Large, acute angle pairs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infectious Diseases - Final Revision (1)

Calf Diarrhea (Mortality Control): Proper management, nutrition, and health care are crucial for controlling mortality in newborn calves. Colostrum feeding within the first few hours is essential for antibodies and nutrients. Provide clean, warm, and dry housing with adequate ventilation and bedding. Offer balanced milk replacer/whole milk and introduce appropriate starter feeds. Maintain hydration, especially during hot weather or illness. Follow a vaccination schedule with a veterinarian for disease protection. Detect and address illnesses like diarrhea, pneumonia, or navel infections promptly. Implement an internal and external parasite control program.
Calf Care Protocols: Establish and follow standard operating procedures for proper calf care, including feeding, cleaning, and handling.
Monitoring and Record-Keeping: Regularly track calf health, growth, and mortality to identify areas for improvement.
Veterinary Support: Collaborate with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive herd health plan and receive guidance on disease prevention and management.
Perinatal Stresses: Maternal stress in mid to late gestation can lead to maternal undernutrition, reduced villus and crypt development, and diminished intestinal mass and length. Post-calving, stressors include Heat Stress, and reduced placental function. Calf stress (increased cortisol levels in the calf) along with bioactive compounds in colostrum impact intestinal maturation of enterocytes.
Major Causes of Calf Problems: Diarrhea accounts for 42% of calf problems; followed by pneumoenteritis (25%), pneumonia (22%), and other issues like navel and joint problems (11%).
Colostrum Management: Quantify passive transfer by measuring immunoglobulins in colostrum. High-quality colostrum has an IgG concentration of >50 g/L. If colostrum quality is medium to low, increase the amount fed to calves. Colostrum density can be used to estimate IgG concentration.
Physiological Problems: Alkaline pH of the abomasum and enzymatic defects in the first week, and high milk capacity in the abomasum. Changes in colostrum to milk feeding. Reticuloruminal milk accumulation in cases where calves are ruminal drinkers.
Causes and Signs of Scours/Diarrhea: Specific pathogens, such as E.coli, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Clostridium, Coccidia, Rotavirus, or Coronavirus, cause diarrhea in young calves. Symptoms vary by pathogen, with some causing watery, loose stool, or symptoms like fever and bloating. Duration of infection is affected by age and pathogen. Specific information on duration are provided in the table.
Types of Rotavirus, E. coli & Coronavirus Infection: Infectious diseases vary significantly in duration based on pathogen. Specific pathogens have specific durations.
Calf Rotavirus Infection: Infection is present from birth to adulthood, but symptoms manifest between 1 and 3 days.
Cryptosporidiosis: This infectious disease mainly affects neonate calves and lambs.
Colostrum-related Factors affecting Immunoglobulins digestion: Trypsin inhibitors in colostrum prevent immunoglobulins digestion in the abomasum, and High abomasal pH of 6-7 prevent pepsin activation.
BRD Risk Peaks and Immunity Lag: Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) has high-risk periods for calves (from birth up to 20 days of age, and from 70 to 100 days old) related to the decline in maternal antibodies.
Bovine Respiratory Diseases: Includes discussion about normal inhabitants (M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, IBR, BRSV, PI3), bacterial, viral, and parasitic stresses (lung worm, theileria). Additional information about clinical symptoms, post mortem findings, and treatment (antibiotics).
Respiratory Diseases (BRSV) and IBR: Information on clinical presentation, pathogen, and severity of disease for young calves.
Bovine Respiratory Diseases (BRD) Complex: General overview of the disease, economic impact of disease, and how stress can exacerbate BRD risk.
Infectious Diseases (Cryptosporidiosis): This infectious disease is primarily found in neonate calves and lamb.
Infectious Diseases (Salmonellosis): This infectious disease presents as bloody diarrhea and septicemia with an elevated temperature (41.5 °C).
Pathogens associated with diarrhea in calves: Includes pathogens such as E.coli or Salmonella, and specific duration of each pathogen-associated diarrhea.
Clinical Signs of Diseases: A summary of the clinical presentations.
B) Rotavirus Infection: Discussion of the typical symptoms for calf rotavirus infection.
C) Coronavirus Diarrhea: Overview of common signs.
D) Clostridium Diarrhea: Typical signs.
E) Salmonella: Pathogen, clinical presentation; including dipheteric membrane, bloody diarrhea, and septicemia.
F) Coccidiosis: Clinical presentations of the disease, including gel like feces that are not washed by water for 3 weeks.
G) Cryptosporidiosis: Discussion on infectious diseases in neonate calves and lambs.
T) Bovine Theileriosis (Egyptian Fever/Mediterranean Coast Fever): Information on the species of theileria, their pathogenicity, and how the disease is transmitted.
Cryptosporidiosis (Pathogen): This infectious disease is caused by the protozoa called Cryptosporidium parvum.
Treatment: Treatment for various diseases, including specific treatment for cryptosporidiosis, coccidiosis, and anaplasmosis, along with supportive treatment for dehydration, hemorrhage control (using Amri-K), and fluid therapy.
Prevention and Control: Strategies for disease prevention and control, such as vaccination, and environmental hygiene.
Mastitis: Comprehensive overview of mastitis, classifications (clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis), causes, treatment, and preventive measures, including the use of teat sealants, antibiotics, udder infusions, and vaccinations. Specific information about various mastitis types (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium Bovis, Clostridia, Mycoplasma, Yeast, and Tuberculosis).
Mastitis-associated Problems: Chronic issues with mastitis can lead to lowered milk output, and potentially other health complications.
Other Diseases: Overview of other diseases in the same category.
Vaccination Practices: Specific information on the importance of vaccination for diseases in calves and cows, especially important in endemic areas and how it interferes with the diagnosis of disease. Information on Live, inactivated, and attenuated vaccine usage and protocols are available.

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Description

This quiz covers essential protocols for managing calf health, focusing on preventing mortality through proper management, nutrition, and health care. Key topics include colostrum feeding, housing conditions, and vaccination schedules to maintain calf health. Testing your knowledge will help ensure the welfare of newborn calves in agricultural practices.