39 Questions
Why is it important to add acid to water when handling chemicals?
To avoid sudden splashing
Water is an effective extinguisher for electrical fires.
True
What is the primary purpose of institutional wellness programs in breaking the chain of infection?
Environmental sanitation and disinfection
The World Health Organization defines control as _______________ aimed at reducing the incidence and/or prevalence of a disease.
ongoing operations or programs
Match the type of fire with the correct type of extinguisher:
Ordinary Combustibles = Water Flammable Liquids = Dry Chemical Electrical Equipment = Carbon Dioxide Flammable Metals = Metal X
Halon foam is an effective extinguisher for Class A fires.
False
What is the purpose of handwashing in breaking the chain of infection?
To prevent the spread of infectious agents
What is the primary purpose of immunization in breaking the chain of infection?
To reduce the susceptibility of the host
What is a major concern in the 21st century according to Dr. Margaret Chan?
Infectious agents being used as an armament in wars
The role of medical technologists in community and public health is primarily focused on tertiary health care.
False
What are the three broad categories in studying community health?
Primary Health Care, Secondary Health Care, and Tertiary Health Care
The Health Care Access Pyramid is a model widely used in health care planning among _______________________ agencies worldwide.
government and non-government
What is the focus of primary health care?
Individual or family
Bioterrorism is no longer a concern in the 21st century.
False
Match the following health care categories with their corresponding descriptions:
Primary Health Care = Focus on individual or family Secondary Health Care = Focus on the environment Tertiary Health Care = Focus on hospital settings
Determining causations of diseases is an _______________________ effort of medical technologists.
epidemiological
What is the term for the general pattern of dispersion through a habitat?
Population Distribution
Exponential growth in a population can be visualized as an S-Shaped growth curve.
False
What is the term for the number of males compared to the number of females in a population?
Sex Ratio
A population with plenty of food, living space, and other resources can be represented by an ______________________ growth curve.
S-Shaped
What is the term for an infectious disease that is habitually present in an environment?
Endemic
Lifestyle can affect the health of an individual and can be passed on to others due to peer pressure.
True
Match the following epidemiologic terms with their definitions:
Endemic = Habitually present in an environment Epidemic = Occurrence of cases of an illness in a community or region Pandemic = Occurring worldwide or over a very wide area
What is the term for the set of attitudes, habits, or possessions associated with a particular group or person?
Lifestyle
What is the term for diseases caused by a malfunction or a defect in the DNA sequence?
Genetic diseases
When hands are visibly soiled, you should apply an alcohol-based hand rub.
False
What is the minimum time required for washing hands with antimicrobial soap?
15-20 seconds
When disposing of sharp objects, they should be placed in a _______________________.
Punctured Proof (Resistant) Container
Match the following hazards with their descriptions:
Biological hazards = Expotentially harmful microorganisms Chemical hazards = Chemical spills Sharp hazards = Sharp objects like needles and broken glasses Radioactive hazards = Radioactive substances
What is the correct procedure when a chemical is spilled on the floor?
Neutralize the chemical with a base solution
Handwashing is essential in preventing the spread of infection.
True
What is the correct way to turn off faucets after washing hands?
With a clean paper towel
What is the term for diseases in which no specific pathogen can be attributed to it?
Non Infectious Diseases
Vector Borne Diseases do not require an intermediate, the vector, in the transfer of infectious agent from one person to the other.
False
What is the term for the inflammation of the bronchial linings and the lungs?
Pneumonia
The contents of the stools are called the ______________________.
alvine discharge
Which of the following is an example of an Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) Infection?
Common Cold
Lifestyle Diseases are generally acute and communicable.
False
Match the following diseases with their characteristics:
Respiratory Disease = Disease of the respiratory system Viral Hepatitis = Inflammation of the liver brought about by infection Sexually Transmitted Diseases = Infectious transmitted via sexual activities Open lesion Disease = Disease caused by agents that penetrate the skin through cuts or lesions
Study Notes
Emerging Diseases and Public Health
- In the 21st century, emerging diseases have become a major threat due to high mobility and interdependent economies (Dr. Margaret Chan, Director General of the World Health Organization).
- Infectious agents could be used as an armament in wars, making bioterrorism a significant concern.
Role of Medical Technologists in Community and Public Health
- Medical technologists play a crucial role in primary level prevention, focusing on epidemiological efforts to determine causations of diseases.
- Developments like HDL level and serum aldosterone level have been made possible through clinical laboratory analysis, which is the work of medical technologists.
Three Broad Categories in Studying Community Health
- Primary Health Care: interventions focused on individual or family, such as hand-washing, immunization, circumcision, and use of condoms.
- Secondary Health Care: activities focused on the environment, such as draining puddles of water, cleaning bushes, and spraying insecticides to control vectors like mosquitoes.
- Tertiary Health Care: interventions that take place in hospital settings, such as intravenous rehydration and surgery.
Health Care Access Pyramid
- A model used in health care planning among government and non-government agencies worldwide, illustrating the position of health care services in the pyramid.
Population Distribution and Demographic Factors
- Population distribution refers to the general pattern of dispersion through the habitat.
- Demographic factors include age structure, sex ratio, and lifestyle, which are important to consider in profiling communities.
Nature of Growth
- Exponential growth: a doubling of the population in a specified time, occurring when circumstances of abundance for resources arise or when an important constraint has been removed.
- Biotic potential: the ability of a population to grow when resources are abundant.
- Limits to population growth include food, micronutrients, refuge from predators, living space, and pollution-free environment.
Epidemiologic Terms
- Endemic: an infectious disease habitually present in an environment.
- Epidemic: a occurrence of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events in excess of normal expectancy.
- Pandemic: an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people.
Nature of Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases
- Infectious diseases: diseases where a specific pathogen is associated with its occurrence, known as a causative agent.
- Non-infectious diseases: diseases in which no specific pathogen can be attributed to it.
- Communicable diseases: diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another.
- Contagious diseases: diseases that can easily be transmitted from one person to another.
Infectious Diseases
- Respiratory diseases: diseases of the respiratory system, including Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) and Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) infections.
- Alvine discharge diseases: diseases related to the contents of the stools.
- Viral hepatitis: inflammation of the liver brought about by infection with any of the hepatitis viruses.
- Vector-borne diseases: diseases that require an intermediate, the vector, in the transfer of infectious agents from one person to another.
- Open lesion diseases: diseases where the skin is a portal of entry for disease-causing agents.
- Sexually transmitted diseases: diseases transmitted via sexual activities.
Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards: exponentially harmful microorganisms, including biologic (infectious agents), sharps, chemical, radioactive, electrical, fire/explosives, and physical hazards.
Chain of Infection
- Transmission of microorganisms requires a continuous link between the source, mode of transmission, and susceptible host.
- Breaking the chain of infection involves rapid and accurate diagnosis, environmental sanitation, handwashing, proper waste disposal, and immunization.
Prevention and Control
- Handwashing procedure: a 7-step process to prevent the spread of infection.
- Sharp hazard: disposing of sharp objects like needles and broken glasses in puncture-proof containers.
- Chemical hazard: handling chemical spills and using base solutions to neutralize chemicals.
- Fire hazard: types of fire and fire extinguishers, including ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, electrical equipment, and cooking media.
Measuring Progress
- Control: ongoing operations or programs aimed to reduce the incidence and/or prevalence of a disease.
- Elimination: reducing the incidence of a disease to zero in a specific geographic area.
- Eradication: the permanent elimination of a disease worldwide, as defined by the World Health Organization.
Quiz about the threat of emerging diseases in the 21st century, including the potential use of infectious agents as bioterrorism weapons. Learn about the concerns and risks associated with infectious diseases.
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