NIH 2 Final prep
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary route of transmission for the Ebola virus?

  • Vector-borne
  • Direct contact (correct)
  • Contaminated water
  • Aerosol droplets

    • What is the recommended minimal time for effective hand washing?

  • 20 seconds (correct)
  • 10 seconds
  • 30 seconds
  • 15 seconds

    • In what type of asepsis technique is a sterile environment required?

  • Surgical procedures (correct)
  • Injections
  • Wound cleaning
  • Routine patient care

    • Which form of infection control involves the use of private rooms and specific attire?

    <p>Transmission-based precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using ultraviolet light in patient care areas?

    <p>To disinfect surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria requires oxygen for survival?

    <p>Aerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of viruses?

    <p>They depend on host cells to live and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a reservoir for infectious agents?

    <p>Insects and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mode of transmission does an infectious agent require a vector?

    <p>Vector-borne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do prions play in infections?

    <p>They consist of proteins and can lead to rapid degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microorganism can be found in soil and has a flexible membrane?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with helminths?

    <p>Trichinosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key prevention strategy for gastrointestinal tract infections associated with foley catheters?

    <p>Strict aseptic technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is typically used to treat Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>Vancomycin hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with MRSA infections?

    <p>Watery stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important method to prevent the spread of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

    <p>Proper hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

    <p>Involves upset of natural gut microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Clostridium Difficile infection?

    <p>Watery stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is NOT recommended for Clostridium Difficile infection?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy for all bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nursing action associated with monitoring for potential infections?

    <p>Monitoring for elevated white blood cell counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism behind the symptoms observed in anaphylaxis?

    <p>Mast cells releasing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is least likely associated with urticaria?

    <p>Severe hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is angioedema considered life-threatening?

    <p>When involving the upper airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing skin testing in allergic reactions?

    <p>To identify specific allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Antibody-mediated destruction of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of urticaria?

    <p>Medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for transplant rejection?

    <p>Transplanted tissue being recognized as foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by antibodies against gastric parietal cells and intrinsic factor?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is NOT typically used for idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Dietary restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication following transplant surgery?

    <p>Total failure and loss of transplanted organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with pernicious anemia?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if agglutination occurs in idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Tissue ischemia due to blood vessel occlusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common therapeutic measure for managing transplant rejection?

    <p>Lifelong immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hashimoto Thyroiditis leads to which ultimate thyroid condition?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic measure for patients who have received incompatible blood?

    <p>Prevention and administration of Rhogam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by immune complexes leading to blood vessel damage?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with serum sickness?

    <p>Immediate allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a nurse respond if an allergic reaction occurs during a blood transfusion?

    <p>Stop the transfusion and flush with normal saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for symptoms to develop in serum sickness after exposure to penicillin or sulfonamide?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell type is primarily involved in a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT a potential cause of contact dermatitis?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is common in patients allergic to latex?

    <p>Allergy to tomatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subjective symptom of liver dysfunction?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the signs of liver transplant rejection?

    <p>Heart rate greater than 100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for liver cancer?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is commonly used to show tumor growth in patients with liver issues?

    <p>MRI or CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic intervention is used for treating liver cancer by injecting drugs directly into the affected area?

    <p>Chemotherapy drugs by injection into the hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of constipation related to medications?

    <p>Narcotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of diarrhea?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary choice is most recommended to prevent constipation?

    <p>High fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is specifically linked to prolonged constipation?

    <p>Impaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key indicator of dehydration in patients with diarrhea?

    <p>Decreased skin turgor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using full-strength formula for enteral feeds?

    <p>To decrease contamination risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is a significant concern for older adults experiencing diarrhea?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main preventive measure against infections during enteral feeding?

    <p>Proper food handling and hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Crohn's Disease?

    <p>Frequent diarrhea that may contain blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is commonly associated with chronic constipation?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test can be used to evaluate Crohn's Disease?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Colorectal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic approach is recommended for home treatment of mild diverticulosis?

    <p>Over-the-counter pain medications and liquid diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Crohn's Disease?

    <p>Chronic constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for the development of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Heavy alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main concerns when managing a patient with Crohn's Disease?

    <p>Preventing malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign indicates severe acute pancreatitis and involves discoloration around the umbilicus?

    <p>Cullen's Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is more commonly affected by Crohn's Disease?

    <p>Women under 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test result is used to confirm acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Serum amylase &gt; 3 times normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is least likely to occur with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic pancreatitis, what is the main consequence affecting pancreatic function?

    <p>Exocrine insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the therapeutic interventions recommended for severe acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Aggressive IV fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Low grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to cause obstruction in chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of hepatitis is characterized by jaundice and worsening symptoms?

    <p>Icteric stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do direct-acting antiviral medications play in hepatitis treatment?

    <p>Target specific genotypes for HCV therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing diagnosis is related to liver enlargement and requires pain management interventions?

    <p>Acute pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to prevent further liver damage in patients with liver issues?

    <p>Herbal supplements and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is considered essential for assessing liver conditions?

    <p>Liver biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom during the prodromal stage of hepatitis?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering antivirals in HBV treatment?

    <p>Prevent cirrhosis and liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hepatitis complications is true?

    <p>Carriers of the virus are at risk for developing liver cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign or symptom of pancreatic disease?

    <p>Steatorrhea (greasy, foul-smelling stools)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known risk factor for ductal adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas?

    <p>Chronic pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended prevention strategy for pancreatic disease?

    <p>Smoking cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is primarily used to assess pancreatic health?

    <p>CT and MRI scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may develop from cysts filled with pancreatic enzymes?

    <p>Abscess and fistulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most likely to indicate advanced pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Severe pruritus (itching)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic intervention is crucial for managing pancreatitis?

    <p>Stop alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common postoperative complication associated with pancreatic surgery?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of meals is recommended for individuals with pancreatic conditions?

    <p>Small, low-fat meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is NOT typically used in the diagnosis of pancreatitis?

    <p>White blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are needed for aerobic bacteria to reproduce?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are examples of a vector for infection?

    <p>Mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper respiratory tract is lined with hair-like structures called cilia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammatory exudate is released during the first stage of the inflammatory response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent the spread of infection?

    <p>Sharing a toothbrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are considered to be a contact precaution?

    <p>C. Diff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

    <p>Stopping the antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a possible infection?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis, can be spread through kissing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the destruction of cells or substances that have antigens attached to their cell membranes?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is triggered by contact with substances like poison ivy, poison oak, and latex?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is a retrovirus that only has ribonucleic acid (RNA).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between HIV and AIDS?

    <p>HIV is a chronic infection and can be managed with medication, while AIDS is a final stage of infection that is fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AIDS wasting syndrome involves a loss of more than 10% of body weight accompanied by chronic diarrhea or fever lasting longer than 30 days.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options are correct for a patient who may have a susceptible host for infection? (Select all that apply)

    <p>They may be immunocompromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first line of defense for the human body and the most important is the skin and mucous membranes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are washing your hands using soap and water, you should only lather for 10 seconds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of precautions are used for patients with an infection that can be spread through blood, body fluids, and body substances?

    <p>Standard Precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to remove a Foley catheter unless it is causing problems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is only caused by ampicillin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that might indicate a patient has septic shock?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus causes Infectious Mononucleosis?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zika virus is usually spread through direct contact with an infected person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible complications of Ebola? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Joint problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asepsis should be used with surgery and other invasive procedures?

    <p>Sterile technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common HAI (health-care associated infection) in the United States?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is okay to share a toilet at home with someone that has a vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After stopping an antibiotic, diarrhea is usually not a concern.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to monitor a patient's peak and trough levels if they're on vancomycin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Destroy foreign substances and microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The B cells are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to teach a patient about always carrying an epinephrine autoinjector if they have a severe allergy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most common?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphylaxis is a mild reaction that often occurs as a result of a bee sting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is okay to use a nasal decongestant without talking to your doctor about it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atopic dermatitis is caused by an antibody deficiency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urticaria is commonly caused by a viral infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angioedema is a life-threatening reaction if it involves a blood vessel that is in the upper airway.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with blood type O are universal recipients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rhogam injection is given to all mothers during labor and delivery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Type III hypersensitivity reaction is a cell-mediated immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serum sickness is a severe, chronic condition that affects the immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contact dermatitis can only be triggered by soap.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of people who have a transplant will experience a transplant rejection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients who have pernicious anemia cannot absorb vitamin B12 from supplements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common symptom of Hashimoto thyroiditis is a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common form of lupus erythematosus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients who have ankylosing spondylitis are at a high risk for developing serious infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered treatments for hypogammaglobulinemia? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Immunoglobulin injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is a retrovirus that can only be acquired through sexual intercourse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a cure for AIDS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AIDS wasting syndrome is a serious condition that can lead to death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common opportunistic infections that affect people with AIDS are tuberculosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and cytomegalovirus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CD4 T lymphocyte count is a test is used to determine how much HIV is in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to adjust the antiretroviral therapy for a patient who has HIV depending on their stage of the disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of treating a patient who has HIV is to prevent or delay opportunistic infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common nursing diagnosis used in a patient who has HIV is ineffective protection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not possible to determine how much HIV is in a patient's blood without a diagnosis of AIDS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HIV is classified as both a chronic and a retrovirus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infectious Agent

    • Infectious agents can be classified as microbiota (naturally occurring microbes in a body part) or pathogens (disease-causing microbes).
    • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that may depend on hosts for reproduction and survival outside of a host; examples include C. diff.
    • Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to survive, found on the skin, while anaerobic bacteria can survive without oxygen and are found in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Rickettsiae are bacteria transmitted by vectors (living organisms). Examples include typhus, scrub typhus, rocky mountain spotted fever.
    • Viruses are smaller than bacteria and require a host cell for reproduction; treatment includes antiviral drugs.
    • Fungi consist of yeasts and molds, some which are normal flora in the body (e.g., mouth, vagina, intestines), while others are pathogenic (cause disease); treatment includes antifungals. Examples include Candida albicans.
    • Protozoa are single-celled parasitic organisms that can be found in the soil. Examples include Trichinosis.
    • Helminths are parasitic worms that can be transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., trichinosis). Examples include tapeworms. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is also an example.
    • Prions are proteins found mainly in the brain and lead to rapid progression of disease. No known treatment exists.

    Reservoir

    • Reservoirs are the source of the infectious agents.
    • Animate reservoirs include people, insects, animals, and plants.
    • Inanimate reservoirs include water, soil, and medical devices.

    Transmission

    • Direct transmission includes direct contact (e.g., kissing, sexual contact, scabies), droplet spread (e.g., coughing, sneezing), or skin-to-skin contact. Examples include scabies, mononucleosis, pertussis, influenza, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
    • Indirect transmission includes vehicle-borne (e.g., blood, water, food, medical devices), vector-borne (e.g., flea, mosquito), or airborne (e.g., influenza). Examples include influenza, norovirus, hepatitis B, Ebola, and other infectious diseases.

    Portal of Exit

    • The portal of exit is the path the infectious agent leaves its reservoir.
    • Examples include respiratory tract (RT), skin, mucous membranes (MM), gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), genitourinary tract (GU tract), placenta.

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    Description

    Explore the world of infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Understand their classifications, roles in disease, and methods of treatment. This quiz will test your knowledge on how these microbes impact health.

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