Unusual Infectious Agents: Viroids
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Questions and Answers

What is the major difference between viroids and viruses?

  • Viroids have capsids, while viruses do not.
  • Viroids are parasites of cellular transcription proteins. (correct)
  • Viroids are larger in size than viruses.
  • Viroids encode proteins, while viruses do not.

How do viroids replicate?

  • By using host translation machinery for replication.
  • By depending on cellular RNA polymerases for replication. (correct)
  • Through the synthesis of proteins.
  • By encoding proteins for replication.

What is the mode of transmission for viroids among plants?

  • Contaminated farm machinery (correct)
  • Ingestion by animals
  • Airborne transmission
  • Direct contact with infected plants

Where do viroid RNA move after genome replication in the plant cell?

<p>To the next cell via plasmodesmata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do viroids enter the pollen and ovule?

<p>Through plasmodesmata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of viroids compared to other pathogens?

<p>The smallest known pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein?

<p>Linear amino-acid sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of viroid infection in plants?

<p>Stem necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where a protein chain is transformed into its three-dimensional structure?

<p>Protein folding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in RNA interference?

<p>Guide or antisense RNA of RISC binds to complementary mRNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by hydrogen bonding of the backbone to form a spiral shape?

<p>α-helices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do prions refer to?

<p>Misfolded form of a normal protein found in the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth (and highest) classification level of protein structure?

<p>Quaternary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the determining factors for which portions of the protein fold closely together and form its three-dimensional conformation?

<p>Specific amino acid residues and their position in the polypeptide chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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