Pathogens and Infectious Agents
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Questions and Answers

What is the central characteristic that distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

  • Adaptive immunity provides a specific response. (correct)
  • Adaptive immunity operates mainly through phagocytosis.
  • Adaptive immunity is nonspecific.
  • Adaptive immunity has a fast response time.

    • Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic responses?

  • IgM
  • IgE (correct)
  • IgA
  • IgG

    • Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgM and IgG?

  • Type IV hypersensitivity.
  • Type III hypersensitivity.
  • Type II hypersensitivity. (correct)
  • Type I hypersensitivity.

    • What is a distinctive feature of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They involve a delay of 24-48 hours after exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the humoral immune system is true?

    <p>It depends on the secretion of antibodies by B cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the amount of a microorganism at a given location?

    <p>Colonization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of infection follows the incubation period?

    <p>Prodrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection occurs when normally harmless microbes become pathogenic?

    <p>Opportunistic Infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to determine the identity of bacteria?

    <p>Culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria appears purple after a Gram stain?

    <p>Gram-positive Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hospital-acquired infection called?

    <p>Nosocomial Infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a pathogen’s ability to cause disease?

    <p>Virulence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a stage of infection?

    <p>Saturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in the body?

    <p>To allow the immune system to recognize self from non-self cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is generated from vaccination?

    <p>Active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for anaphylaxis during an allergic reaction?

    <p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transplant involves tissues from the same individual?

    <p>Autologous transplant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of transplant rejection?

    <p>Adaptive rejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bone marrow in the immune system?

    <p>Produces all immune cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary lymphoid organ is responsible for T-cell maturation?

    <p>Thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between incidence and prevalence in a medical context?

    <p>Incidence refers to new cases while prevalence refers to all cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lymph nodes play in the immune system?

    <p>Filter fluid from tissues and proliferate immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spleen contribute to the immune system?

    <p>Acts as a massive lymph node and filters blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a bacterial culture's sensitivity testing?

    <p>Assesses the effectiveness of various antibiotics against the bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the innate immune system?

    <p>Provides immediate defense against pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the thymus is true?

    <p>It shrinks after puberty but remains active in T-cell maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathogen is characterized as a single-celled organism that can cause disease?

    <p>Protozoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT mentioned as a common cause of infection?

    <p>Neisseria meningitidis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of steps during a viral infection?

    <p>Attachment, Uncoating, Replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of transmission involves the transfer of pathogens via an insect bite?

    <p>Vector Transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in establishing infection involves the pathogen avoiding the host's immune defenses?

    <p>Avoid Host Defenses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common shape of bacteria?

    <p>Helio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is caused by organisms like tinea and candida?

    <p>Mycotic infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these routes of transmission involves touching contaminated surfaces?

    <p>Fomite Contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of HIV in the immune system?

    <p>CD4 lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a compromised immune system that may lead to opportunistic infections?

    <p>Immunodeficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of immunodeficiency?

    <p>Viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does viral load measure in a person infected with HIV?

    <p>Concentration of the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main bacterial cause of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of antiretroviral therapy in managing HIV?

    <p>It decreases viral load and spread of the virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of HIV infection is characterized by a decline in viral replication and symptoms?

    <p>Latent phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes leukemia?

    <p>Cancer of bone marrow cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogens

    • Pathogens are organisms that cause disease in their host.
    • Common causes of infection include bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli), viruses (e.g., coronavirus, rhinovirus, influenza, herpes simplex), protozoa (e.g., giardia, malaria), fungi (e.g., tinea, candida), and helminths (e.g., pinworm, tapeworm).
    • Bacteria come in different shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).

    Bacteria Cell Anatomy

    • Bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, a capsule, flagellum, a pilus, and a nucleoid (containing DNA).

    Bacteria Movement

    • Bacteria can move using flagella.

    Viral Infection Steps

    • Viral infection steps include attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.

    Protozoa

    • Protozoa are single-celled organisms.
    • Examples include Malaria and Giardia.

    Fungi

    • Fungi are important pathogens
    • An example is tinea infections

    Helminths

    • Helminths are worms
    • Examples include pinworms and tapeworms.

    Routes of Transmission and Infection

    • Routes of infection include aerosol, airborne, droplet contact, fomite contact, direct contact, vector transmission, oral transmission, and zoonotic transmission.
    • Establishing infection involves the following steps:
      • Entrance
      • Adherence
      • Colonization
      • Avoidance of host defenses
      • Creating injury to host

    Stages of Infection

    • Exposure
    • Incubation
    • Prodrome
    • Acute
    • Convalescent
    • Resolution

    Testing for Microbes (focus on bacteria)

    • Goal: Identify bacteria types.
    • Gram Stain: Distinguishes bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative categories
    • Culture: Provides bacterial identification.
    • Sensitivity: Determines suitable antibiotics for treatment.

    Gram Stain

    • Gram positive bacteria retain the dye, appearing purple after staining.
    • Gram negative bacteria lose the dye, appearing red after staining. The difference lies in the structure of the cell wall.

    Culture and Sensitivity

    • Culture: Growing a patient sample in a lab to identify the bacteria.
    • Sensitivity: Subjected the specific bacterial culture to a variety of different antibiotics to determine the most effective treatment for the pathogen/infection.

    Tuberculosis (bacteria)

    • Tuberculosis symptoms include (but are not limited to) [symptoms not specified in text]

    Primary Lymphoid Organs

    • Bone Marrow; site of hematopoiesis (production of blood cells), site of B-cell maturation
    • Thymus: site of T cell maturation
    • Lymph Nodes: immune surveillance, filter fluid from tissues
    • Spleen: acts as a massive lymph node filtering antigens

    Innate vs. Adaptive Immune System

    • The immune system defends against pathogens.
    • Innate: Non-specific (fast response).
    • Adaptive: (slow response).

    Humoral Immunity

    • Humoral immune system: antibodies and the production of antibodies. Its related to the immunity produced by the humoral immune response and hypersensitivity reactions.
    • The 5 immunoglobulins (antibodies):
      • IgG
      • IgA
      • IgM
      • IgE
      • IgD

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Four types of hypersensitivity reactions based on the involved immune system components
    • Type I: IgE and mast cells [examples and characteristics]
    • Type II: IgM/IgG, cytotoxic responses [examples and characteristics]
    • Type III: Antigen-Antibody Complex, immune complex [examples and characteristics]
    • Type IV: Cell-mediated, 24-48 hours after exposure [characteristics]
    • Allergic response
    • Risk of anaphylaxis (extreme allergic response)
    • Risk factors (body systems involved).

    Active and Passive Immunity

    • Goal: IMMUNITY
    • Vaccine types [inactivated, attenuated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate]
    • Types of transplants (autologous and allogenic)
    • Types of rejection

    Immunodeficiency and HIV

    • Immunodeficiency: a compromised immune system, may be temporary or permanent.
    • Causes include HIV infection.
    • HIV: a virus that targets CD4 helper T-cells [characteristics]
    • Viral Load: concentration of the virus

    WBC disorders (Hodgkin's vs. Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma)

    • Hodgkin lymphoma: localized group of lymph nodes
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: diffuse groups of lymph nodes
    • Location of spread
    • Other specified features relevant to disease types
    • Leukemia: cancer of the bone marrow

    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

    • E. coli responsible for 75-95% of UTIs in humans.
    • Upper UTI's (e.g., Pyelonephritis) symptoms vs Lower UTI's (e.g., Cystitis) symptoms

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    Patho Week 2 Pathogens PDF

    Description

    Explore the diverse world of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. This quiz covers their characteristics, movement, anatomy, and stages of infection. Test your knowledge on how these organisms impact health and disease.

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