Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for severe urinary tract infections?
Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for severe urinary tract infections?
- Clindamycin
- Metronidazole
- Ciprofloxacin (correct)
- Gentamicin
What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
- Ototoxicity (correct)
- Fever
- Hypertension
- Rash
Which of the following quinolones can cause a prolonged QT interval?
Which of the following quinolones can cause a prolonged QT interval?
- Moxifloxacin (correct)
- Levofloxacin
- Norfloxacin
- Delfloxacin
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to monitor?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to monitor?
Which of the following antibiotics can cause pseudomembranous colitis?
Which of the following antibiotics can cause pseudomembranous colitis?
What is the black box warning for quinolones?
What is the black box warning for quinolones?
Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium?
Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium?
What is a common indication for fluoroquinolones?
What is a common indication for fluoroquinolones?
Which of the following antibiotics can cause serotonin syndrome when taken with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Which of the following antibiotics can cause serotonin syndrome when taken with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What is Plazomicin (Zemdi) used to treat?
What is Plazomicin (Zemdi) used to treat?
What is the primary use of Nitrofurantoin?
What is the primary use of Nitrofurantoin?
What is a potential adverse effect of Vancomycin?
What is a potential adverse effect of Vancomycin?
What is essential to obtain before beginning antibiotic therapy?
What is essential to obtain before beginning antibiotic therapy?
Why is it important to check the name of the medication carefully?
Why is it important to check the name of the medication carefully?
What is a nursing implication for Sulfonamides?
What is a nursing implication for Sulfonamides?
What is a common adverse effect of antibiotics?
What is a common adverse effect of antibiotics?
What should patients be instructed to do when taking antibiotics?
What should patients be instructed to do when taking antibiotics?
What is a nursing implication for Tetracyclines?
What is a nursing implication for Tetracyclines?
What is important to assess before beginning antibiotic therapy?
What is important to assess before beginning antibiotic therapy?
What should be monitored for when administering Telavancin?
What should be monitored for when administering Telavancin?
What is the definition of a community-associated infection?
What is the definition of a community-associated infection?
What is the primary difference between healthcare-associated infections and community-associated infections?
What is the primary difference between healthcare-associated infections and community-associated infections?
What is the main contraindication for cephalosporins?
What is the main contraindication for cephalosporins?
What is the main characteristic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
What is the main characteristic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Which class of antibiotics is reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized patients?
Which class of antibiotics is reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized patients?
What is the main adverse effect of tetracyclines during pregnancy?
What is the main adverse effect of tetracyclines during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of antiseptics?
What is the primary purpose of antiseptics?
What is the term for an infection that develops because of trying to treat a different infection, and all good bacteria have been killed?
What is the term for an infection that develops because of trying to treat a different infection, and all good bacteria have been killed?
Which antibiotic is indicated only for the treatment of C.difficile-associated diarrhea?
Which antibiotic is indicated only for the treatment of C.difficile-associated diarrhea?
What is the main interaction between cephalosporins and other medications?
What is the main interaction between cephalosporins and other medications?
What is the term for the class of antibiotics that includes Sulfonamides?
What is the term for the class of antibiotics that includes Sulfonamides?
What is the primary indication for Sulfonamides?
What is the primary indication for Sulfonamides?
Which generation of cephalosporins is used to treat uncomplicated and complicated UTIs?
Which generation of cephalosporins is used to treat uncomplicated and complicated UTIs?
What is the main adverse effect of macrolides?
What is the main adverse effect of macrolides?
What is the primary adverse effect of Sulfonamides on the blood system?
What is the primary adverse effect of Sulfonamides on the blood system?
What is the main interaction between aminoglycosides and other medications?
What is the main interaction between aminoglycosides and other medications?
Which of the following is a Penicillinase-resistant drug?
Which of the following is a Penicillinase-resistant drug?
What is the primary indication for Penicillin?
What is the primary indication for Penicillin?
Which antibiotic is used to treat bone, joint, skin, and soft tissue infections?
Which antibiotic is used to treat bone, joint, skin, and soft tissue infections?
What is the main patient education instruction for taking tetracyclines?
What is the main patient education instruction for taking tetracyclines?
Nitrofurantoin is primarily used for treating complicated UTIs caused by E. coli bacteria.
Nitrofurantoin is primarily used for treating complicated UTIs caused by E. coli bacteria.
Quinupristin-dalfopristin is used to treat MRSA and other gram-positive infections.
Quinupristin-dalfopristin is used to treat MRSA and other gram-positive infections.
Vancomycin may cause hepatotoxicity.
Vancomycin may cause hepatotoxicity.
Daptomycin is used to treat uncomplicated UTIs.
Daptomycin is used to treat uncomplicated UTIs.
Colistimethate can cause acute respiratory failure when administered orally.
Colistimethate can cause acute respiratory failure when administered orally.
Telavancin is used to treat MRSA and other gram-positive infections.
Telavancin is used to treat MRSA and other gram-positive infections.
Before beginning antibiotic therapy, the patient's drug allergies and medical history should be assessed.
Before beginning antibiotic therapy, the patient's drug allergies and medical history should be assessed.
Patients should be instructed to stop taking antibiotics if they feel better.
Patients should be instructed to stop taking antibiotics if they feel better.
Nursing implications for Sulfonamides include taking the medication with 2000 to 3000 ml of fluid per 24 hours.
Nursing implications for Sulfonamides include taking the medication with 2000 to 3000 ml of fluid per 24 hours.
The most common adverse effects of antibiotics are headache, dizziness, and nausea.
The most common adverse effects of antibiotics are headache, dizziness, and nausea.
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Study Notes
Infections
- Community-associated infections: acquired by individuals who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure within the past year.
- Healthcare-associated infections: contracted in a hospital or institutional setting, not present or incubating at the time of admission, and occur more than 48 hours after admission.
Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections
- Handwashing: essential in preventing infections.
- Antiseptics: inhibit the growth of microorganisms, applied exclusively to living tissue.
- Static agents: inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
- Disinfectants: kill microorganisms, used on nonliving objects.
- Cidal agents: kill microorganisms.
Antibiotics
- Medications used to treat bacterial infections.
- Superinfection: an infection that develops due to the treatment of a different infection, leading to the destruction of good bacteria.
- Host factors: age, current health status, lifestyle choices, and religion affect antibiotic treatment.
Sulfonamides
- One of the first groups of antibiotics.
- Often combined with another antibiotic.
- Sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim is known as Bactrim.
- Not given in the first trimester of pregnancy.
- Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Adverse effects: blood system, integumentary system, GI system, and other effects.
Beta-Lactum Antibiotics
- Penicillins: natural, penicillinase-resistant, and amniopenicillins.
- Cephalosporins: structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin, broad-spectrum drugs.
- Carbapenems: reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections.
- Monobactums: used for moderately severe systemic infections and UTIs.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.
- Fidaxomicin: indicated only for the treatment of C. difficle-associated diarrhea.
- Adverse effects: palpitations, jaundice, chest pain, hearing loss, and other effects.
Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline.
- Causes discoloration of teeth in the fetus and throughout adulthood.
- Delays growth in babies.
- May retard fetal skeletal development if taken during pregnancy.
- Adverse effects: vaginal candidiasis, gastric upset, enterocolitis, and maculopapular rash.
Aminoglycosides
- Poor oral absorption, no oral forms (except neomycin).
- Very potent antibiotics with serious toxicities.
- Bacterial, kills mostly gram-negative bacteria.
- Can be used for pressure ulcers and deep wounds.
- Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and other effects.
Quinolones
- Also called fluoroquinolones, excellent oral absorption.
- Absorption reduced by antacids.
- Medications include: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and others.
- Indications: patients with complicated urinary tract, respiratory, bone and joint, GI, skin, and sexually transmitted infections.
- Adverse effects: CNS, GI, cardiac, and other effects.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Clindamycin: used for chronic bone infections, genitourinary infections, and other serious infections.
- May cause pseudomembranous colitis.
- Linezolid: used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF).
- May cause hypertension, serotonin syndrome, and reactions with tyramine-containing foods.
- Metronidazole: used for intraabdominal and gynecologic infections.
- Nitrofurantoin: primarily used for uncomplicated UTIs.
- May cause fatal hepatotoxicity.
Nursing Implications
- Assess drug allergies, renal, liver, and cardiac function, and other lab studies before beginning therapy.
- Obtain a thorough patient health history, including immune status.
- Assess for conditions that may be contraindications to antibiotic use or that may indicate cautious use.
- Assess for potential drug interactions.
- Obtain cultures from appropriate sites before beginning antibiotic therapy.
- Instruct patients to take antibiotics exactly as prescribed and for the length of time prescribed.
- Assess for signs and symptoms of superinfection.
- Monitor for therapeutic effects and adverse reactions.
Infections
- Community-associated infections: acquired by individuals who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure within the past year.
- Healthcare-associated infections: contracted in a hospital or institutional setting, not present or incubating at the time of admission, and occur more than 48 hours after admission.
Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections
- Handwashing: essential in preventing infections.
- Antiseptics: inhibit the growth of microorganisms, applied exclusively to living tissue.
- Static agents: inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
- Disinfectants: kill microorganisms, used on nonliving objects.
- Cidal agents: kill microorganisms.
Antibiotics
- Medications used to treat bacterial infections.
- Superinfection: an infection that develops due to the treatment of a different infection, leading to the destruction of good bacteria.
- Host factors: age, current health status, lifestyle choices, and religion affect antibiotic treatment.
Sulfonamides
- One of the first groups of antibiotics.
- Often combined with another antibiotic.
- Sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim is known as Bactrim.
- Not given in the first trimester of pregnancy.
- Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Adverse effects: blood system, integumentary system, GI system, and other effects.
Beta-Lactum Antibiotics
- Penicillins: natural, penicillinase-resistant, and amniopenicillins.
- Cephalosporins: structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillin, broad-spectrum drugs.
- Carbapenems: reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections.
- Monobactums: used for moderately severe systemic infections and UTIs.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.
- Fidaxomicin: indicated only for the treatment of C. difficle-associated diarrhea.
- Adverse effects: palpitations, jaundice, chest pain, hearing loss, and other effects.
Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline.
- Causes discoloration of teeth in the fetus and throughout adulthood.
- Delays growth in babies.
- May retard fetal skeletal development if taken during pregnancy.
- Adverse effects: vaginal candidiasis, gastric upset, enterocolitis, and maculopapular rash.
Aminoglycosides
- Poor oral absorption, no oral forms (except neomycin).
- Very potent antibiotics with serious toxicities.
- Bacterial, kills mostly gram-negative bacteria.
- Can be used for pressure ulcers and deep wounds.
- Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and other effects.
Quinolones
- Also called fluoroquinolones, excellent oral absorption.
- Absorption reduced by antacids.
- Medications include: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and others.
- Indications: patients with complicated urinary tract, respiratory, bone and joint, GI, skin, and sexually transmitted infections.
- Adverse effects: CNS, GI, cardiac, and other effects.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Clindamycin: used for chronic bone infections, genitourinary infections, and other serious infections.
- May cause pseudomembranous colitis.
- Linezolid: used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF).
- May cause hypertension, serotonin syndrome, and reactions with tyramine-containing foods.
- Metronidazole: used for intraabdominal and gynecologic infections.
- Nitrofurantoin: primarily used for uncomplicated UTIs.
- May cause fatal hepatotoxicity.
Nursing Implications
- Assess drug allergies, renal, liver, and cardiac function, and other lab studies before beginning therapy.
- Obtain a thorough patient health history, including immune status.
- Assess for conditions that may be contraindications to antibiotic use or that may indicate cautious use.
- Assess for potential drug interactions.
- Obtain cultures from appropriate sites before beginning antibiotic therapy.
- Instruct patients to take antibiotics exactly as prescribed and for the length of time prescribed.
- Assess for signs and symptoms of superinfection.
- Monitor for therapeutic effects and adverse reactions.
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