Infection Control Programs Overview
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What are the main functions of an Infection Control Program?

  • Sterilization, disinfection, sanitation, patient care practices, education and communication skills
  • Develop surveillance programs, investigate outbreaks, treat patients, and report, review and evaluate
  • Surveillance, establishing written policies and procedures, educating staff, and consulting with other departments
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Nosocomial infections are infections that are acquired in a healthcare setting.

    True

    Which of the following is NOT a type of nosocomial infection?

  • VRE
  • C. difficile
  • MRSA
  • Influenza (correct)

    • What is the purpose of isolation procedures in healthcare settings?

    <p>To interrupt the transmission of disease agents and break the chain of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quarantine involves observation of a person who may have an agent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a correctional facility's infection control program?

    <p>Mandatory vaccination for all inmates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can increase the risk of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection in correctional facilities?

    <p>Regular hand washing practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A quarantine area must be set aside for all new admissions in correctional settings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MRSA?

    <p>Skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics are highly effective in treating VRE infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C. difficile is often associated with ______ of the intestines, allowing for the bacteria to grow and produce toxins.

    <p>antibiotic-induced disruption of the natural flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure for treating a patient with VRE?

    <p>Tested at a lab to see if bacteria is resistant, then treated with other antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surgical site infections are the most frequent type of nosocomial infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nosocomial infections with the correct description:

    <p>MRSA = A type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, commonly found on healthy individuals. VRE = A type of bacteria that is resistant to vancomycin, often associated with urinary tract infections. C. difficile = A bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and inflammation of the colon, often resulting from antibiotic use. Surgical site infections = Infections that occur in the area of a surgical wound, often caused by bacteria. Pneumonia = Inflammation of the lungs, commonly associated with patients on ventilators. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) = Infections that occur in the urinary tract, often associated with catheters. Wound infections = Infections that develop in open wounds, often associated with burn wounds. Blood infections = Infections that occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream, potentially leading to septicemia. Enteric infections = Infections that affect the gastrointestinal tract, often caused by bacteria or viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are commonly found in health care settings?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hand washing is the most important measure to prevent the spread of infection in healthcare settings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of isolation procedures in healthcare settings?

    <p>To interrupt the transmission of disease agents or break the chain of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isolation is typically used for highly contagious infections that can spread through the air, such as measles or mumps?

    <p>Respiratory isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for C. difficile?

    <p>Fecal-oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VRE is a type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of infections with their descriptions:

    <p>Surgical site infections = Infections that occur in the area where surgery was performed. Pneumonia = Inflammation of the lungs, often associated with patients on ventilators. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) = Infections that affect the urinary tract, often associated with catheter use. Wound infections = Infections that can occur in open wounds, such as burns. Blood infections = Infections that involve the bloodstream, potentially leading to septicemia. Enteric infections = Infections that affect the intestines, often caused by bacteria like C. difficile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main control measures for preventing the spread of wound infections in burn victims?

    <p>Hand washing, sterile gloves, disinfecting fomites, and cleaning hydrotherapy pools after each client use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correctional facilities are not required to follow infection control programs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the key elements of a screening procedure in correctional facilities?

    <p>Screening for current illnesses, communicable disease history, IV drug use, sexual activities, dental issues, TB tests, and STDs, lice, scabies, hepatitis B, and HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can increase the risk of C. difficile infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Correctional Service Canada (CSC) is responsible for providing essential health care to inmates.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of environmental cleaning in correctional facilities?

    <p>Maintaining a clean and orderly environment, proper labeling and storage of cleaning materials, ensuring compliance with applicable regulations regarding construction, fire safety, water supply, waste disposal, air pollution, and food service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infection Control Programs

    • Acute care facilities, day cares, schools, and rehab facilities should have protocols for preventing nosocomial infections.
    • Infection control program members should include experts in epidemiology, statistics, microbiology, infectious diseases, sanitation, and occupational health.
    • The primary function of the program is to interrupt transmission of infection.

    Infection Control Program Components

    • Sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation are crucial components.
    • Proper patient care practices must be followed.
    • Staff education and communication skills are essential.

    Infection Control Committee Responsibilities

    • Develop a surveillance program for monitoring and reporting nosocomial infections.
    • Organize systems and establish procedures for infection control.
    • Assign responsibilities to staff and inform agency personnel.
    • Gather and assemble necessary materials.
    • Investigate outbreaks by reviewing notifications, verifying diagnoses, developing case definitions, and conducting epidemiological analyses.

    Infection Control Committee Actions

    • Treat patients, potentially involving isolation or exclusion.
    • Implement measures to break the chain of infection, such as disinfection of surfaces and hand washing.
    • Report, review, and evaluate infection control activities.

    Infection Control Programs: Surveillance

    • Surveillance (monitoring) involves collecting, tabulating, and analyzing data on nosocomial infections in patients and personnel.
    • Investigating and controlling nosocomial infections is a key aspect.
    • Notification thresholds are developed to help identify potential outbreaks (CDI).
    • A facility with rates significantly exceeding their annual baseline for two consecutive months triggers action.

    Infection Control Programs: Other Components

    • Establish written policies and procedures for the infection control manual.
    • Educate staff on infection control procedures.
    • Consult with other departments and committees on issues such as product evaluation (hand soaps, disinfectants), architectural plan review (hand basin locations), and antibiotic usage review.

    Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)

    • Also known as nosocomial infections.
    • Infections contracted in a healthcare setting (hospital, LTCF, rehab).
    • Infections not present or developing at admission.
    • Swabs/tests (MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, surgical site infections) are used for diagnosis.
    • Infection prevalence varies depending on the healthcare setting.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Antibiotics are often used to fight bacterial infections, but bacteria have adapted.
    • New "superbugs" resistant to antibiotics like colistin/polymyxin B have emerged (e.g., the MCR-1 gene).
    • Examples of samples with the MCR-1 gene include livestock, meat, hospital patients, and farm animals in China.

    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

    • A strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the antibiotic methicillin, often found on healthy people (20-30%).
    • MRSA is contagious and causes skin infections that can be life-threatening.
    • Prevention includes handwashing, covering wounds, and avoiding sharing personal items.

    Isolation Procedures

    • 2% of patients may require isolation, often in pediatric services.
    • Isolation's purpose is to interrupt disease agent transmission (breaking the chain).
    • The person isolated typically has the infection.

    Strict Isolation

    • Used for highly contagious or virulent infections (Ebola, MRSA).
    • Precautions include private rooms, closed doors, hand washing by all entering/leaving, and disinfection of items used by the patient.

    Contact Isolation

    • Used for infections spread by direct contact, such as herpes simplex, wound infections.
    • Precautions include private rooms, closed doors, handwashing, and using barriers (gloves) by personnel interacting directly with the patient.

    Respiratory Isolation

    • Used for airborne infections like measles and mumps.
    • Precautions include private rooms, handwashing, and masks for susceptible individuals.
    • No linen precautions are usually required.

    Airborne Infection Isolation (All)

    • Used for infections spread via airborne droplets (<5 μm).
    • Precautions include private rooms, closed doors, masks, negative pressure from the outside environment, and using HEPA or ventilation not connected to other rooms.

    Enteric Precautions

    • Designed to prevent infections transmitted by contact with feces.
    • Gloves, and perhaps gowns are necessary.

    Drainage/Secretions Precautions

    • Used for infections spread by purulent material or drainage.
    • Gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles are appropriate if splashing is likely.

    Visitors

    • Visitors should be advised to stay away during illness.
    • Handwashing before and after visiting is important.
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) may be required for visitors (PPE should be worn by visitors if required).

    Occurrence

    • Screening techniques are more effective for identifying infection.
    • Hospitals actively screen for infections.
    • Laboratory tests for infections have improved in sensitivity and accuracy.
    • Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) supports Canadian nosocomial infection surveillance.
    • PHAC studies how multiple partners can help reduce infections.

    Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)

    • VRE bacteria commonly live in the intestines and urinary tract.
    • VRE may not cause illness, but antibiotics are used to treat it when symptomatic.
    • Colonization occurs in the absence of symptoms, while infection occurs with symptoms.
    • VRE can cause conditions like urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections.

    VRE Infection Control

    • Direct patient contact or contact with contaminated items are possible infection routes.
    • Surgical procedures and catheters are potential VRE transmission pathways.
    • Laboratory testing is needed to determine if VRE is present.
    • Treatment includes antibiotics or other treatments as indicated.

    Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

    • Bacteria that can cause mild to severe diarrhea and colon inflammation.
    • A frequent cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings.
    • Antibiotics can deplete beneficial gut bacteria, leading to C. diff growth.
    • C. diff produces toxins that cause the infection's symptoms.
    • Fecal-oral transmission is a common route.

    C. diff Prevention and Treatment

    • Treatment typically involves antibiotics.
    • Prevention involves maintaining proper hygiene (e.g., handwashing, proper sanitation practices).
    • Stool transplant is a potential treatment option (under clinical supervision).

    Other Infections

    • Surgical site infections, pneumonia, catheter-associated site infections, urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bloodstream infections.

    Surgical Site Infections (SSIs)

    • The second most common type of nosocomial infection that results when a wound is infected with certain bacteria, even without presence of visible pus.
    • There are 4 classifications of SSI (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, dirty/infected).

    Pneumonia

    • Lung inflammation, prevalent in ICU patients and immune-compromised individuals.
    • Precautions aim to prevent contamination of respiratory equipment to prevent transmission.

    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

    • Occur in up to 10% of patients with catheters, 25% with catheters hooked up for two weeks, and 100% with catheters hooked up for a month (~approximately).
    • Proper handwashing and emptying of urinary bags are essential precautions.

    Wound Infections

    • Wound infections commonly occur on burn wounds.
    • Infection transmission includes S. aureus and fomites (inanimate objects).
    • Controls include handwashing, use of sterile gloves, disinfection of surfaces such as hydrotherapy pools.

    Blood Infections

    • Bacterial infection in the bloodstream.
    • Can lead to septicemia (serious infection).
    • Primary infection involves a single infection source; secondary infection involves spread from another source.
    • Treatment focuses on combating the initial infection, proper hand hygiene practices, sterile gloves and antiseptic use, in addition to other treatment as required.

    Work Camp Facilities

    • Built environment and services like food, water, and waste disposal.
    • Terrain/layout can be challenging (temporary, rugged terrain).
    • Possible concerns relate to health hazards and complaints.

    Correctional Facilities

    • Require inspection of food facilities.
    • Infection control programs are crucial and should be strongly considered.
    • Ongoing surveillance is vital.
    • Written policies and procedures are important.

    Screening Procedures

    • Current illnesses and communicable disease history must be considered.
    • IV drug use, sexual activity, and dental screenings are key aspects to consider (tuberculosis (TB) testing is essential if conditions are overcrowded).
    • Screening may also involve testing for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), lice, scabies, and hepatitis B or C.

    Those at Higher Risk for Communicable Diseases (CDs)

    • Factors like IV drug abuse, multiple sexual partners, poor housing, inadequate hygiene, poor nutrition, and lack of education increase CD risk.

    Communicable Diseases Encountered

    • Tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B & C are common infectious diseases within correctional facilities.
    • Correctional Service Canada (CSC) is responsible for providing inmates with essential health care, including access to reasonable access to non-essential mental health.

    Jail Requirements

    • Screening for contagious diseases is an essential aspect of jail management.
    • Trained medical personnel should evaluate decisions regarding healthcare.
    • Training for jail staff in basic emergency health techniques is crucial.
    • Inmates should not be involved in tasks like dispensing or recording drug administration.
    • Proper records of health information are needed.
    • Entitled to health information on basic anatomy, maintenance, and family planning.

    CD Control

    • Quarantining new inmates is a critical step.
    • Medical isolation and treatment options may be required for those in the infirmary or community hospital.
    • Implementing isolation standards aligning with national guidelines is necessary.
    • Identifying and testing contacts (staff and visitors) is important.
    • Isolating infected contacts and providing treatment for infected inmates are also crucial.

    Personal Hygiene

    • Sufficient supplies and facilities are essential for inmates, promoting proper hygiene and grooming.
    • Clean towels, personal items (toothpaste, toothbrush, and soap), toilet paper, and sanitary napkins (where appropriate) should be distributed.
    • Laundry and clothing changes should be implemented regularly, keeping in mind the inmates' work schedule.
    • Individual latrines and lavatories should be made accessible, ensuring proper sanitation.

    Environmental Cleaning

    • Maintaining sanitation and proper labeling for housekeeping materials.
    • Adherence to regulatory codes and rules is essential, with oversight over environmental aspects like fire safety, building construction, and wastewater/hazardous material handling.
    • The same maintenance protocols used for all other facilities should be followed.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential protocols for infection control in various health care settings, focusing on the roles of infection control committee members and necessary components like sterilization and staff education. Participants will learn about surveillance programs and the responsibilities involved in preventing nosocomial infections.

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