Infection Control in Healthcare

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Questions and Answers

What is defined as an infection acquired after admission to a health care facility?

  • Healthcare-associated infection (correct)
  • Iatrogenic infection
  • Acute infection
  • Community-acquired infection

What common risk factor increases the vulnerability of hospitalized patients to infections?

  • High diet intake
  • Frequent medication changes
  • The presence of virulent microorganisms in hospitals (correct)
  • Their young age

What characterizes antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AROs)?

  • They always remain unchanged in genetic structure
  • They can develop from overuse or inappropriate use of antimicrobials (correct)
  • They are often found only in plants
  • They are always killed by antibiotics

Which practice is best for reducing the risk of infection transmission?

<p>Engaging in frequent hand hygiene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes medical asepsis from surgical asepsis?

<p>Surgical asepsis eliminates pathogens and spores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of precaution involves direct transmission between an infected individual and host?

<p>Contact precautions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of transmission do organisms travel through large droplets in the air up to 2 meters?

<p>Droplet transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a vectorborne transmission?

<p>Transmission via insect bites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What patient-specific factor may complicate the management of isolation?

<p>Presence of comorbidities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the nursing process is primarily focused on recognizing signs of infection?

<p>Assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of clinical judgment in nursing?

<p>Making decisions based on interpretation of data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most directly related to infection risk?

<p>Risk for Infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to identify emerging infectious threats?

<p>Local epidemiological trends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a psychosocial impact of isolation on patients?

<p>Increased feelings of loneliness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step of the nursing process directly follows assessment?

<p>Diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does clinical judgment play in data collection during patient assessment?

<p>Identifying subtle changes indicating potential infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of immobility related to independence?

<p>Loss of independence requiring reliance on others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention can help combat boredom and frustration due to limited mobility?

<p>Offering meaningful activities like reading and hobbies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional issue may arise from immobility affecting body image?

<p>Concerns about appearance and visible signs of illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is recommended to support cognitive function in individuals with prolonged immobility?

<p>Providing cognitive stimulation activities and routine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to the feeling of fear and apprehension in individuals with immobility?

<p>Concerns about complications and the future (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to incorporate infection prevention during bed making?

<p>Washing hands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can nursing interventions potentially enhance self-esteem in immobile patients?

<p>By involving them in care decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should gloves be changed during bed making?

<p>Between each patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing intervention for addressing boredom in patients with limited mobility?

<p>Encouraging physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper way to handle soiled linens during bed making?

<p>Place them in a designated laundry bag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does emotional support play in managing body image issues related to immobility?

<p>It helps address concerns about appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should high-touch areas on the bed be cleaned?

<p>Wiped down with a disinfectant solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of additional PPE should be used when there is a risk of exposure to bodily fluids?

<p>Gowns or masks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with clean linens after handling them?

<p>Place them in a clean area away from contamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is suggested for stripping the bed to minimize contamination?

<p>Rolling soiled linens inward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best practice for disinfecting the mattress and bed frame?

<p>Apply a disinfectant solution carefully (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of establishing a regular toileting schedule?

<p>To prevent episodes of incontinence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is crucial for promoting regular bowel movements?

<p>Encouraging a diet rich in fiber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention can help reduce constipation effectively?

<p>Encouraging physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should clients be educated to avoid straining during bowel movements?

<p>To be mindful of body positioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of nursing interventions for maintaining established routines?

<p>Adapting routines to the client's abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the education of clients regarding absorbent products?

<p>Proper usage and maintenance techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should laxatives or stool softeners be administered?

<p>As prescribed by the healthcare provider (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be regularly assessed in the context of client routines?

<p>Changes in the client's condition or preferences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of activity tolerance?

<p>The type and amount of exercise or activity that an individual can perform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does functional decline specifically refer to?

<p>The loss of the ability to perform self-care or activities of daily living. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of prolonged immobility?

<p>Feelings of helplessness and isolation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing intervention can help combat feelings of depression in immobile patients?

<p>Regular communication and emotional support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines deconditioning?

<p>The negative physiological effects that occur with prolonged inactivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention can be utilized to address sleep disturbances in immobile patients?

<p>Establishing a comfortable sleep environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological change can occur due to immobility?

<p>Development of anxiety and depression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential intervention to help reduce social isolation in patients with immobility?

<p>Facilitating opportunities for visits from family and friends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

An infection acquired after admission to a healthcare facility that wasn't present or incubating at the time of admission.

Antimicrobial-resistant organism (ARO)

A microbe that has adapted to survive antimicrobials, making treatment tough.

Medical asepsis

Procedures to reduce the spread of germs, but not eliminate them.

Surgical asepsis

Procedures to eliminate ALL germs, including spores, from an area.

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Contact precaution

Infection control measures for direct or indirect contact with infected individuals or potentially infected items.

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Droplet precaution

Infection control measures for large droplets expelled from the respiratory system, traveling up to 2 meters.

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Airborne precaution

Infection control measures for small particle nuclei expelled from the respiratory system, that can travel more than 1 meter further via the air.

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Nosocomial infection

Another term for healthcare-associated infection (HAI) - infections acquired in a hospital.

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Patient-Specific Factors in Infection Prevention

Assessing patient comorbidities and psychosocial impact to personalize isolation strategies.

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Epidemiological Factors in Infection Prevention

Monitoring disease trends and outbreaks to identify and prevent spreading infections.

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Nursing Process in Infection Prevention

A systematic approach (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) used by nurses to prevent infections.

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Clinical Judgment in Infection Prevention

Using interpretation of information and making decisions to create safe patient care, including infection risks.

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Infection Prevention Assessment

Evaluating patient health status to identify signs/symptoms of infection and risk factors.

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Nursing Diagnoses in Infection Prevention

Identifying patient risks like "Risk for Infection" or "Impaired Skin Integrity" to target preventive solutions.

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Comorbidities in Infection Prevention

Pre-existing conditions that make a patient more susceptible to infections.

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Psychosocial Impact in Infection Prevention

Consideration of the emotional and mental effect of isolation on patients.

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Loss of Independence

Immobility often leads to needing help with everyday tasks, impacting self-reliance.

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Boredom and Frustration

Limited movement can cause boredom and frustration due to lack of usual activities.

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Body Image Issues

Immobility can affect how someone feels about their body, especially with scars or changes.

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Cognitive Changes

Prolonged immobility can affect thinking skills like memory and concentration.

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Fear and Apprehension

Worries about health complications, the unknown, or the future can cause anxiety.

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Nursing Interventions for Immobility

Nurses address immobility's impact with measures like promoting independence, providing activities, supporting self-image.

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Encourage Independence

Helping immobile individuals do as much for themselves as possible boosts self-esteem and autonomy.

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Provide Meaningful Activities

Engaging immobile patients with books, hobbies, or conversation reduces boredom and frustration.

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Scheduled Toileting

Setting a routine for bathroom breaks to help prevent accidents.

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Absorbent Products

Using pads or diapers to manage incontinence and maintain dignity.

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Fiber Rich Diet

Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes to help with bowel movements.

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Hydration

Drinking enough fluids to prevent constipation.

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Exercise

Regular physical activity to promote bowel health.

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Toilet Timing

Establishing a consistent time for using the bathroom to work with the body's natural rhythms.

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Avoid Straining

Not pushing too hard during bowel movements to prevent problems like hemorrhoids.

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Consistent Routines

Staying organized with daily activities like toileting, meals, and exercise.

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Activity Tolerance

The amount and type of exercise or activity a person can do without getting too tired.

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Functional Decline

Losing the ability to take care of yourself or do everyday tasks.

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Deconditioning

Weakening of the body due to inactivity. This can happen quickly.

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Immobility's Psychological Effects

Long periods of not moving can lead to negative feelings like sadness, anxiety, and social isolation.

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Depression and Anxiety (Immobility)

Feeling helpless, isolated, and dependent can cause depression and anxiety.

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Social Isolation (Immobility)

Not being able to go out or interact with others can lead to loneliness.

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Sleep Disturbances (Immobility)

Changes in routine and discomfort from not moving can make it difficult to sleep well.

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Nursing Interventions (Immobility)

Nurses can help patients cope with the emotional effects of immobility by providing comfort, communication, and opportunities to stay connected.

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Bed Making and Infection Control

A set of practices used during bed making to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

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Hand Hygiene Before Bed Making

Washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer before touching bed linens or the patient.

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Why Wear Gloves?

Disposable gloves are worn during bed making to prevent the spread of germs from contaminated linens to the patient or healthcare provider.

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When to Change Gloves?

Gloves should be changed between patients and when moving from a contaminated area to a clean area.

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Stripping the Bed

Removing soiled linens from the bed carefully to avoid creating airborne particles or contaminating the surrounding area.

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Disinfecting the Mattress and Bed Frame

Wiping down the mattress and bed frame with a disinfectant solution, especially high-touch areas like bed rails and control panels.

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Handling Soiled Linens

Soiled linens should be handled with gloves and placed directly into a designated laundry bag or hamper without shaking or tossing.

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Where to Store Clean Linens

Clean linens are stored in a clean area away from potentially contaminated surfaces.

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Study Notes

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 1

  • The clinical judgment model (CJM) relates to foundational skills implementation. CJM has layers: recognizing cues, forming hypotheses, refining hypotheses, analyzing cues, prioritizing hypotheses, generating solutions, taking actions, and evaluating outcomes.
  • The approach to client care uses the acronym DIPPS (Dignity, Independence, Preferences, Privacy, Safety). Each letter in the acronym represents a key aspect of client-centered care.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 1

  • Person-centered care focuses on the patient as the central part of the healthcare team, making them a partner in their care
  • The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) governs registered nurses (RNs), registered practical nurses (RPNs) and nurse practitioners in Ontario, Canada.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 2

  • Infection transmission is described using a chain with elements like the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and host.
  • The immune system and normal flora protect against infection.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 2

  • A Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is an infection a client develops after entering a hospital or healthcare facility.
  • The clinical judgment process includes: assessment, analysis, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 3

  • Proper body mechanics for preventing musculoskeletal injuries include widening your stance, bending at your knees to lift, keeping the object close to your body, and lifting with your leg muscles.
  • A pressure injury (also known as a pressure ulcer or bed sore) is damage or breakdown of skin and tissue caused by prolonged pressure on an area of the body.
  • The Braden Scale is used to predict and assess the risk of pressure ulcers, with lower scores indicating a higher risk.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 3

  • Nursing interventions to decrease complications from immobility focus on maximizing functional mobility and independence.
  • Range-of-Motion (ROM) exercises help clients maintain joint flexibility
  • Physical therapists and occupational therapists also help clients to modify their activities using assistive devices to enhance their independence.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 4

  • Range of motion exercises are used to maintain flexibility and prevent contractures in immobile clients
  • Active and Passive Range of Motion (ROM) exercises help to move each joint, assessing for any limitations, pain, or discomfort.
  • Proper body mechanics are vital when assisting clients with their range of motion exercises

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 5

  • A client's need for a safe, clean, and comfortable environment is important for promoting health and healing. Maintaining skin health and preventing pressure injuries is important for clients who are immobile or bedridden.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 6

  • Infection prevention and control during bed making should involve hand hygiene, proper handling of soiled linens using personal protective equipment (PPE), and cleaning surfaces.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 7

  • Social factors, personal preferences and expectations, body image, health beliefs, and cultural variables, as well as physical limitations, ability/disability, and pain influence a client's personal hygiene practices.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 8

  • Assessing a client's cognitive and physical functioning, ability to communicate needs, short-term and long-term memory, and decision-making skills will help to create accurate and effective care plans to support their elimination needs.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 9

  • Factors that interfere with a client's nutritional intake include cognitive limitations such as Memory Impairment, Impaired Decision-Making, and Loss of Appetite.
  • A client's physical limitations, such as mobility issues, will affect their ability to access the kitchen or dining area, which may consequently decrease the client's food intake
  • Methods to promote a client's appetite include creating a positive and comfortable dining area, offering nutrient-rich and appealing food options, adapting food textures, and scheduling frequent meals and snacks.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 10

  • Person-centered care is essential for older people living with Dementia in providing a safe and supportive environment.
  • Understand that dementia clients need simple language and clear communication, consistency in routines, appropriate supportive devices, and respect for cognitive limitation.
  • Encourage clients to continue participating in their personal care to the greatest extent possible.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 11

  • Understanding patient safety and the "culture of safety" within organizations, requires leadership commitment, open reporting, learning from mistakes, and promoting staff involvement.
  • Implementing measures such as continuous improvement, consistent education, clear communication, and proper documentation of incident reports is crucial for maintaining a safety culture.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 12

  • Risk factors for dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia, are influenced by factors such as aging, neurological conditions, and underlying medical conditions.
  • Effective strategies such as positioning, safe oral care, assessing, modifying food textures, and monitoring for signs and symptoms of issues are crucial for prevention.
  • Implementing appropriate care plans and providing support by involving the client, family, and other healthcare team members are key components of safe and effective care.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 13

  • Patient-related risks to client safety include their health status, behavior, medical conditions, and coping strategies.
  • Safety concerns for different age groups (adolescents, adults, and older adults) require specific assessments and appropriate strategies for supporting a safe environment.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 14

  • Lifestyle factors can influence general health, leading to issues with the client's nutrition and risk, such as workplace injuries, chronic conditions, and occupational hazards.
  • Various risk factors can cause challenges or limitations that may interfere with the client’s ability to self-care or manage their own safety, including coping mechanisms.

NSE111 Exam Review - Week 15

  • WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) has three main parts: labels, safety data sheets, and worker education/training.
  • By complying with WHMIS, companies can lower the chances of accidents, injuries, or health problems resulting from hazardous materials.

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