Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a key aspect of health promotion?
Which of the following is a key aspect of health promotion?
- Withholding fluids
- Administering antibiotics
- Providing nutritional support (correct)
- Performing surgery
Why is personal hygiene important for patients?
Why is personal hygiene important for patients?
- It maintains the integrity of mucous membranes (correct)
- It promotes microorganism growth
- It decreases appetite
- It increases the risk of infection
Whose guidelines should be followed for immunizations?
Whose guidelines should be followed for immunizations?
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (correct)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
In acute care, what is the primary goal regarding infections?
In acute care, what is the primary goal regarding infections?
What is the definition of asepsis?
What is the definition of asepsis?
Which of the following describes indirect transmission?
Which of the following describes indirect transmission?
What is the primary means of droplet transmission?
What is the primary means of droplet transmission?
Which of the following is an example of a vehicle of transmission?
Which of the following is an example of a vehicle of transmission?
What is a vector in the context of disease transmission?
What is a vector in the context of disease transmission?
What factor determines a host's susceptibility to pathogens?
What factor determines a host's susceptibility to pathogens?
Which nursing diagnosis focuses on the potential for developing an infection?
Which nursing diagnosis focuses on the potential for developing an infection?
What is a key consideration when establishing outcomes?
What is a key consideration when establishing outcomes?
What term describes an infection that affects the body as a whole?
What term describes an infection that affects the body as a whole?
Which of the following diseases directly compromises the immune system?
Which of the following diseases directly compromises the immune system?
What characteristic should interventions possess?
What characteristic should interventions possess?
Which of the following is an example of a fungal microorganism?
Which of the following is an example of a fungal microorganism?
What is a significant risk associated with extensive burns?
What is a significant risk associated with extensive burns?
In what type of environment do priorities change rapidly?
In what type of environment do priorities change rapidly?
What route of transmission is typical for protozoal parasitic infections?
What route of transmission is typical for protozoal parasitic infections?
Which of the following is an example of impaired physical function mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is an example of impaired physical function mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a common bacterial infection, especially in elderly patients treated with antibiotics?
Which of the following is a common bacterial infection, especially in elderly patients treated with antibiotics?
Adrenal corticosteroids, used to treat some chronic diseases, can lead to what?
Adrenal corticosteroids, used to treat some chronic diseases, can lead to what?
What is the term for the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of a disease?
What is the term for the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of a disease?
Which nursing diagnosis involves issues with food intake?
Which nursing diagnosis involves issues with food intake?
Which of the following is a sign of a local infection?
Which of the following is a sign of a local infection?
Which type of infection typically lasts longer than 12 weeks?
Which type of infection typically lasts longer than 12 weeks?
What does teamwork and collaboration include?
What does teamwork and collaboration include?
What is a common generalized symptom of a systemic infection?
What is a common generalized symptom of a systemic infection?
A change in level of consciousness (LOC) can indicate what condition?
A change in level of consciousness (LOC) can indicate what condition?
What is the general term for presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues throughout the body?
What is the general term for presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues throughout the body?
Which population is considered at greater risk for infection based on socioeconomic factors?
Which population is considered at greater risk for infection based on socioeconomic factors?
Which of the following infections is caused by a virus?
Which of the following infections is caused by a virus?
Elevated temperature, increased heart rate and increased respiratory rate, coupled with a drop in blood pressure suggests what condition?
Elevated temperature, increased heart rate and increased respiratory rate, coupled with a drop in blood pressure suggests what condition?
Which of the following is a fungal infection of the skin?
Which of the following is a fungal infection of the skin?
Which bacterial infection is most common in elderly patients being treated with antibiotics?
Which bacterial infection is most common in elderly patients being treated with antibiotics?
What is the primary goal of cleaning in the context of infection control?
What is the primary goal of cleaning in the context of infection control?
Which of the following eliminates all forms of microbial life?
Which of the following eliminates all forms of microbial life?
What is the purpose of emptying urinary drainage bags in infection control?
What is the purpose of emptying urinary drainage bags in infection control?
Which of the following is an example of controlling the portal of exit?
Which of the following is an example of controlling the portal of exit?
What is a key component of standard precautions?
What is a key component of standard precautions?
Between patients, what is the recommended action for cleaning shared medical equipment like stethoscopes?
Between patients, what is the recommended action for cleaning shared medical equipment like stethoscopes?
If the edge of a sterile glove package is slightly yellow, but the gloves are more than 1 inch away, what action should the nurse take?
If the edge of a sterile glove package is slightly yellow, but the gloves are more than 1 inch away, what action should the nurse take?
While donning sterile gloves, a nurse touches the outside of a sterile glove with their bare hand. What principle has been broken?
While donning sterile gloves, a nurse touches the outside of a sterile glove with their bare hand. What principle has been broken?
Flashcards
Asymptomatic
Asymptomatic
Absence of clinical signs and symptoms of disease.
Acute infection
Acute infection
An infection that resolves in a few days or weeks.
Chronic infection
Chronic infection
An infection lasting longer than 12 weeks, sometimes non-curable.
Localized infection
Localized infection
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Systemic infection
Systemic infection
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Sepsis
Sepsis
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Fungal infection
Fungal infection
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Viral infection
Viral infection
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Protozoal infection
Protozoal infection
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Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection
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Indirect Transmission
Indirect Transmission
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Droplet Transmission
Droplet Transmission
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Airborne Transmission
Airborne Transmission
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Vector Transmission
Vector Transmission
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Susceptible Host
Susceptible Host
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Health Promotion
Health Promotion
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Nutrition
Nutrition
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Personal Hygiene
Personal Hygiene
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Medical Asepsis
Medical Asepsis
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Adequate Rest
Adequate Rest
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Leukemia
Leukemia
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AIDS
AIDS
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Infection Risk in Burns
Infection Risk in Burns
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Chronic Disease Treatments
Chronic Disease Treatments
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Signs of Local Infection
Signs of Local Infection
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Signs of Systemic Infection
Signs of Systemic Infection
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Populations at Greater Risk
Populations at Greater Risk
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Infection Assessment
Infection Assessment
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Risk for Infection
Risk for Infection
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Impaired Nutritional Status
Impaired Nutritional Status
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Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane
Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane
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Social Isolation
Social Isolation
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Impaired Skin Integrity
Impaired Skin Integrity
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Impaired Mobility
Impaired Mobility
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Setting Priorities
Setting Priorities
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Teamwork and Collaboration
Teamwork and Collaboration
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Cleaning
Cleaning
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Disinfection
Disinfection
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Sterilization
Sterilization
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Control of Reservoirs
Control of Reservoirs
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Portals of Exit/Entry
Portals of Exit/Entry
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Transmission Control
Transmission Control
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Isolation Precautions
Isolation Precautions
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Sterile Touch Principle
Sterile Touch Principle
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Study Notes
Infection Control and Prevention
- Nurses are vital to infection prevention and control.
- Patients in healthcare settings are at risk for acquiring infections due to lower resistance to pathogens, increased exposure to pathogens (some resistant to antibiotics), and invasive procedures.
Terms to Know
- Infection: Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues (can be clinically unapparent or cause cellular injury).
- Colonization: Presence and growth of microorganisms within a host without tissue invasion.
- Communicable Disease: Infectious disease transmitted from one person to another.
- Symptomatic: Presence of clinical signs and symptoms.
- Asymptomatic: Absence of clinical signs and symptoms.
- Acute: Resolves within days or weeks.
- Chronic: Typically lasts longer than 12 weeks, sometimes not curable.
- Localized Infection: Specific to one body part.
- Systemic Infection: Affects the entire body.
- Sepsis: A common systemic infection with pathogens in the bloodstream or tissues.
- Epidemic: Outbreaks of disease affecting a large population in a short time.
- Pandemic: Outbreaks of disease affecting multiple regions or countries.
Common Pathogens
- Fungal: Microorganisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Normally contained within the body, but can cause serious disease in immunocompromised people.
- Examples: Athlete's foot, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, ringworm.
- Viral: Require host cells to replicate, and are often associated with acute or chronic disease.
- Examples: HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, or E, human papillomavirus, Ebola, coronavirus 19, influenza.
- Parasitic: Often infect individuals with compromised immunity. Usually found in dead material like water and soil. Often transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
- Examples: Giardia, cryptosporidiosis, balantidium, Chagas disease, malaria.
- Bacterial: Depend on the specific bacterial pathogen and the area of the body affected.
- Examples: MRSA, C. diff, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
Chain of Infection
- Infectious Agents: Organisms capable of causing disease, depending on number, virulence, and host susceptibility.
- Reservoirs: Places where microorganisms survive and multiply.
- Portal of Exit: Ways microorganisms leave the reservoir (e.g., blood, secretions, excretions).
- Modes of Transmission: Methods microorganisms are spread from reservoir to host (physical contact, droplets, airborne, vehicles, vector).
- Portal of Entry: Ways microorganisms enter the host (e.g., mucous membranes, respiratory system, broken skin).
- Susceptible Host: Individuals with weakened defenses against infection (e.g., immunocompromised individuals, due to age, chronic disease, or other factors).
Infectious Process
- Incubation Period: Time between pathogen entry and the first symptoms.
- Prodromal Stage: Time from first symptoms to more specific symptoms.
- Illness Stage: Time period when specific symptoms are apparent.
- Convalescence: Time when the symptoms subside (resolution depends on infection severity and host resistance).
Risk Factors for Infections
- Immunodeficiency: Immature or less responsive immune system, caused by genetic factors, malnutrition, preexisting infections, or medications.
- Chronic Disease: Conditions like diabetes, inflammatory disorders, cancers, and respiratory disorders increase susceptibility.
- Environmental Conditions: Crowded living conditions, poor sanitation, lack of clean water or food, inadequate ventilation, or conditions related to food preparation can increase risk of infection.
Common Diagnostic Tests
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Measures different blood components.
- Culture and Sensitivity (C&S): Identifies the germs causing the infection and their sensitivity to potential medications.
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation.
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a blood sample.
- Serologic Tests: Identifies virus or antibodies in blood samples to aid in diagnosis and monitoring.
- Radiographic Tests (e.g., Chest X-rays, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, other imaging) for visualization of potential infections
Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)
- Infections acquired during a hospital stay or other healthcare setting.
- May be caused by invasive procedures, use of antibiotics, presence of multidrug-resistant organisms, or breaks in infection control.
- Types of HAIs include central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), surgical site infections (SSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Classifications of Infections
- Iatrogenic: Infection acquired due to a medical procedure.
- Exogenous: Infection from an external source (i.e. outside of the body).
- Endogenous: Infection from microorganisms normally present in the body.
Defensive Mechanisms
- Body system defenses
- Normal floras
- Inflammation:
- Vascular and Cellular Response
- Inflammatory Exudate
- Tissue Repair
Patient Education
- Entire course of antibiotics taken to prevent further resistant growth
- Ensure infection has completely resolved
- Importance of preventing further infections
Governing Bodies
- OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration): Establishes regulations to protect workers from bloodborne pathogens in the workplace (e.g., Proper handling of contaminated materials/equipment).
- CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): Provides guidelines for reporting and controlling communicable diseases, and promotes infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings.
Clinical Management
- Primary Prevention: Vaccinations, proper hand hygiene, and other good hygiene practices.
- Secondary Prevention: Screening, STD screening, pap smears.
- Collaborative interventions: Antimicrobial therapy, rest, comfort measures, and a clean environment.
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Description
Test your knowledge of health promotion, personal hygiene, and disease transmission. Explore key aspects of infection control, including asepsis, modes of transmission, and host susceptibility. Enhance your understanding with this comprehensive quiz.
