Infection Control and Hygiene in Healthcare

İstinye University Overview

• Established in 2015 by the 21st Century Anatolian Foundation
• Built upon the 25-year knowledge base of the MLPCare Group, which unites three hospital brands.
• The university aims to be among the world's leading universities by contributing to the production of new knowledge

Educational Approach

• Applies a student-centered education approach across all processes
• Aims to broaden the boundaries of science through faculty research
• Seeks to implement scientific findings for the welfare of society
• Committed to offering quality and accessible healthcare services to the community
• Provides a learning environment which encompasses technology and art

Physical Examination Lecturer Information

• Asst. Prof. Tuğba PEHLİVAN is the instructor
• Email address is [email protected]
• The department is HSF / Nursing (English)
• The lecture is NUR012-Health Assessment

Infection Control and Hygiene

• Healthcare settings contain numerous threatening organisms
• Nurses must adhere to infection control principles before, during, and after physical assessments
• The most important factor in prevention is hand hygiene
• Contact transmission can be a factor
• Practices include diligent hand hygiene and standard precautions, such as using gloves and masks
• Nails should be short, and artificial nails are not recommended
• Gloves should be changed before touching the next patient
• Health care personnel should never wear gloves from the room into the hallway

Standard Precautions

• Help reduce the transmission of pathogens
• Designed to prevent disease transmission

Cardinal Techniques of Physical Assessment

• Inspection involves conscious observation
• Palpation involves using the hands to feel the firmness of body parts
• Percussion involves using tapping motions with the hands to produce sounds
• Auscultation involves using a stethoscope to hear movements of air or fluid

General Considerations for Assessments

• Draping protects the privacy
• Each assessment must be individualized according to the patient’s cultural, religious, and social beliefs
• Patients should be asked about their preferences, such as having a family member or same-gender examiner present
• Less invasive assessments should go first, with the more personal ones done at the end

Inspection Technique

• The initial assessment is performed
• Initial inspections focus on age, gender, level of alertness, hygiene, posture, and level of discomfort
• Considered the only assessment that is preformed for every body system
• Provides an impression of the situation's acuity
• Adequate lighting is critical
• The nurse should form an overall impression of the situation and its acuity based on the initial data
• Adequate exposure of each body part is necessary with appropriate draping
• It is important to maintain the privacy of patients with appropriate draping
• Asking patients for permission to examine body areas is important

Palpation Technique

• Involves using the hands to access certain things
• Start with a gentle and slow technique
• Nurses should observe for nonverbal indicators of discomfort; furrowed brows or grimacing
• Important things to consider:
• Using vibration
• Texture, position, temperature, edema, moisture, shape, size and pain
• Finger pads are used for fine discrimination
• The back of the hand detects temperature
• The ulnar surface of the hand can detect sound
• Light palpation allows the patient to become familiar to the touch
• Use light appropriate touch for texture, lesions, or lumps. With fingerpads and 1 cm depth
• Deep palpation involves pressure from both hands
• Apply firm pressure that is appropriate.

Percussion Technique

• Percussion produces sounds or determines tenderness by tapping the fingers
• Vibrations create percussion tones
• The sounds travel through dense tissue and make those sounds quiet
• Or travel through empty tissue such as air and create loud sounds
• The loudest tones are over the lungs and empty stomach, and the quietest over bone
• Is preformed both directly or indirectly
• Direct percussion: involves tapping the fingers on patient's skin directly
• Indirect percussionL: Uses the examiners nondominant hand as a barrier
• The ulnar surface is used on the kidneys and liver
• Should be quick and forceful with short nails
• You should withdraw at the snapping of the finger
• People with smaller Hands should apply more force
• Locations and characteristics are classified as hyper resonant, resonant, tympanic, dull and flat

Auscultation Technique

• The method reveals sounds related to sounds in tissues
• Its reveals sounds by produced by sound movement in the body
• Is conducted with the stethoscope
• Should have snug eartips that are directed forward
• Locations and characteristics are blood pressure, lung and heart sounds
• Both vary based on the body characteristics

Equipment

• Involves the usage of instruments
• Should increase trust with a patient
• This depends heavily on the type of assessment needed