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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic that defines an infection?
What is the main characteristic that defines an infection?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What is the name of the bacterial infection that is also known as Trench Mouth, Fusospirochetal Gingivitis, and Vincent infection?
What is the name of the bacterial infection that is also known as Trench Mouth, Fusospirochetal Gingivitis, and Vincent infection?
What is the main causative organism of ANUG?
What is the main causative organism of ANUG?
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What is the term for the severe form of ANUG that spreads to the throat and pharyngeal area?
What is the term for the severe form of ANUG that spreads to the throat and pharyngeal area?
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What are the local factors that can predispose to ANUG?
What are the local factors that can predispose to ANUG?
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What is the term for the inflammatory cells that are part of the body's natural defense response to injury or disease?
What is the term for the inflammatory cells that are part of the body's natural defense response to injury or disease?
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What is the term for the bacterial infection that is classified into two types: No. Oral Granulomatous Diseases and Non-Oral Granulomatous Diseases?
What is the term for the bacterial infection that is classified into two types: No. Oral Granulomatous Diseases and Non-Oral Granulomatous Diseases?
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What is a characteristic feature of tuberculosis?
What is a characteristic feature of tuberculosis?
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What is the name of the special stain used to demonstrate mycobacteria in tuberculosis?
What is the name of the special stain used to demonstrate mycobacteria in tuberculosis?
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What is the most common site of infection in peripheral actinomycosis?
What is the most common site of infection in peripheral actinomycosis?
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What is a common feature of actinomycosis before the formation of pus?
What is a common feature of actinomycosis before the formation of pus?
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What is the treatment of actinomycosis?
What is the treatment of actinomycosis?
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What is the causative organism of syphilis?
What is the causative organism of syphilis?
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What is the primary stage of acquired syphilis characterized by?
What is the primary stage of acquired syphilis characterized by?
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What is the incubation period of acquired syphilis?
What is the incubation period of acquired syphilis?
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What is the characteristic appearance of ulcers in Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
What is the characteristic appearance of ulcers in Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
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What is the primary cause of transmission of Gonorrhea?
What is the primary cause of transmission of Gonorrhea?
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What is the typical age group affected by Noma?
What is the typical age group affected by Noma?
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What is the causative organism of Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity?
What is the causative organism of Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity?
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What is the primary location of the lesion in Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity?
What is the primary location of the lesion in Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity?
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What is the characteristic feature of Granuloma?
What is the characteristic feature of Granuloma?
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What is the primary symptom of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
What is the primary symptom of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
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What is the recommended treatment for ANUG?
What is the recommended treatment for ANUG?
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What is the primary location of oral lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
What is the primary location of oral lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of the cutaneous lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
What is the characteristic of the cutaneous lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of a chancre in primary syphilis?
What is the characteristic of a chancre in primary syphilis?
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What is a common complication of lepromatous leprosy?
What is a common complication of lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the time period for the appearance of secondary syphilis after the disappearance of the chancre?
What is the time period for the appearance of secondary syphilis after the disappearance of the chancre?
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What type of inflammatory response is seen in lepromatous leprosy?
What type of inflammatory response is seen in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of the granuloma seen in lepromatous leprosy?
What is the characteristic of the granuloma seen in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of mucous patches in secondary syphilis?
What is the characteristic of mucous patches in secondary syphilis?
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What is used to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli in lepromatous leprosy?
What is used to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of condyloma latum in secondary syphilis?
What is the characteristic of condyloma latum in secondary syphilis?
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What is a common feature of oral lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
What is a common feature of oral lesions in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of gumma in tertiary syphilis?
What is the characteristic of gumma in tertiary syphilis?
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What is the characteristic of diffuse syphilitic glossitis in tertiary syphilis?
What is the characteristic of diffuse syphilitic glossitis in tertiary syphilis?
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What can be seen in the nerves in lepromatous leprosy?
What can be seen in the nerves in lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the characteristic of congenital syphilis?
What is the characteristic of congenital syphilis?
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What is the causative organism of leprosy?
What is the causative organism of leprosy?
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Study Notes
Infection and Inflammation
- Infection: invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms (viral, bacterial, parasitic, or fungal)
- Inflammation: complex response to harmful stimuli, characterized by five cardinal signs:
- Pain
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
Inflammatory Cells
- Part of the body's natural defense response to injury or disease
- Part of the immune system
- Examples:
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast cells
Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa
- Can be divided into two categories:
- Oral Granulomatous Diseases
- Non-Oral Granulomatous Diseases
Oral Granulomatous Diseases
- Examples:
- ANUG (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
- Noma (Cancrum oris)
- Gonorrhea
- Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity
- Actinomycosis
- Syphilis
- Leprosy
ANUG (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)
- Definition: acute inflammatory process of the gingiva characterized by ulceration and necrosis of the gingival margin
- Causative organism: fusiform bacilli, Bacteroides, and spirochetes (Vincent's organisms)
- Predisposing factors:
- Local factors: alcohol, tobacco, poor oral hygiene, pre-existing gingivitis
- Systemic factors: psychological stress, poor diet, immunocompromised status
- Clinical features:
- Necrotic punched-out or crater-like ulcerations on interdental papilla and marginal gingiva
- Grayish pseudo-membrane covering the ulcers
- Halitosis, gingival bleeding, pain, and foal odor
- Excessive salivation and bad metallic taste
- Treatment:
- Removal of local irritating factors
- Antiseptic mouth rinse (Chlorhexidine Gluconate)
- Antibiotic regimen (Penicillin and Metronidazole)
Noma (Cancrum oris)
- Definition: destructive, disfiguring, necrotizing disease affecting the orofacial tissues
- Affects children, particularly in developing countries, who are malnourished or debilitated
- Preceded by ANUG, followed by rapid spread of necrosis
- Histopathological and bacteriological features similar to ANUG
- Early diagnosis and treatment of ANUG can prevent the development of Noma
Gonorrhea
- Definition: venereal disease transmitted by sexual intercourse
- Causative organism: Neisseria gonorrhea
- Oral manifestations: asymptomatic to painful, including generalized erythematous stomatitis, ulceration, burning sensation, and difficulty swallowing
Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity
- Definition: chronic specific granulomatous bacterial infection
- Causative organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Acid-fast bacteria)
- Clinical features:
- Primary lesion rare, usually associated with coughing-up of infected sputum from pulmonary tuberculosis
- Chronic, irregular, indurated, painful ulcer affecting tongue, buccal mucosa, palate, and lips
- Mucosa shows fissuring and swelling
- Histopathological features:
- Microscopic examination reveals granulomatous inflammation (tubercle)
- Central caseous necrosis
- Collections of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinucleated Langhans giant cells
Actinomycosis
- Definition: chronic suppurative granulomatous bacterial infection
- Causative organism: endogenous bacteria, especially Actinomyces israeli and/or Actinomyces bovis
- Predisposing factors:
- Local factors: poor oral hygiene, periodontal pocket, or after tooth extraction or jaw surgery
- Systemic factors: immunocompromised patients with malignancies, HIV, diabetes, or steroid use
- Clinical features:
- Two types: Peripheral Actinomycosis (solitary, firm, indurated swelling) and Central Actinomycosis (chronic actinomycosis osteomyelitis)
- Lesion begins as asymptomatic firm swelling, and later breaks down forming sinuses and discharging pus containing sulfur granules
- Treatment:
- Incision and drainage
- Long-term penicillin-based antibiotics
Syphilis
- Definition: chronic, specific granulomatous bacterial infection
- Causative organism: spirochete Treponema pallidum
- Classification:
- Acquired syphilis (3 stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary)
- Congenital syphilis
- Primary stage:
- Incubation period: 2-3 weeks
- Characterized by the formation of Chancre
- Regional lymphadenopathy, unilateral, rubbery, and discrete
- Secondary stage:
- Highly contagious
- Appears 6-8 weeks after disappearance of Chancre
- Characterized by the formation of mucous patches and condyloma latum
- Systemic manifestations: skin rash, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss, hair loss, and headaches
- Tertiary stage:
- Appears 2-3 years after infection
- Oral manifestations: gumma, diffuse syphilitic glossitis, and diffuse syphilitic osteitis
- Histopathological features:
- Central coagulation necrosis
- Surrounded by chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells)
- Fibroblasts for the synthesis of fibrous tissue
Leprosy
- Definition: chronic infectious disease produced by Mycobacterium leprae (Acid-fast bacilli)
- Classification:
- Two forms: tuberculoid leprosy (limited form with low-virulence bacilli) and lepromatous leprosy (generalized form with high-virulence bacilli)
- Clinical features:
- Oral lesions: multiple necrotic and ulcerated nodules with slow healing and atrophic scarring
- Cutaneous lesions: erythematous plaques or nodules
- Severe maxillofacial deformities
- Damage to peripheral nerves
- Histopathological features:
- Granulomatous inflammatory response
- Epithelioid histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells
- Infiltration of nerves by mononuclear inflammatory cells
- Well-formed granuloma in tuberculoid leprosy, similar to that of TB
- Poorly formed granuloma with sheets of macrophages in lepromatous leprosy
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Description
This quiz covers the invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms, including viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections, and the body's natural defense response through inflammation.
