Patho ch 5 prt 1

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Questions and Answers

Tears are considered to be part of the

  • second line of defense.
  • first line of defense. (correct)
  • third line of defense.
  • specific defense.

A specific defense for the body is

  • sensitized T lymphocytes. (correct)
  • the inflammatory response.
  • intact skin and mucous membranes.
  • phagocytosis.

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to

  • phagocytosis of foreign material.
  • local vasodilation.
  • formation of purulent exudate.
  • any tissue injury. (correct)

Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include

<p>histamine and prostaglandins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The unnecessary spread or prolongation of inflammation is mediated by

<p>resolvins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Granulation tissue is best described as

<p>highly vascular, very fragile, and very susceptible to infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edema associated with inflammation results directly from

<p>increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from

<p>increased blood flow into the area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the following events in the inflammatory response immediately after tissue injury?

  1. Increased permeability of blood vessels
  2. Dilation of blood vessels
  3. Transient vasoconstriction
  4. Migration of leukocytes
  5. Hyperemia

<p>3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of phagocytosis involves the

<p>ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systemic effects of severe inflammation include

<p>fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term leukocytosis means

<p>increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements applies to fever?

<p>It results from release of pyrogens into the circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include

<p>general cutaneous vasodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Replacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is termed

<p>regeneration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scar tissue consists primarily of

<p>collagen fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following promotes rapid healing?

<p>Closely approximated edges of a wound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucocorticoids are used to treat inflammation because they directly

<p>decrease capillary permeability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following EXCEPT

<p>increased leukocyte production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?

<p>Acetaminophen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as

<p>deep partial-thickness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman has burns on the anterior surfaces of her right arm, chest, and right leg. The percentage of body surface area burned is approximately

<p>22.5%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The characteristic appearance of a full-thickness burn is

<p>dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A typical source of infection in burn areas is

<p>microbes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A large burn area predisposes to decreased blood pressure because

<p>fluid and protein shift out of the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an inflammatory response, hyperemia is caused by

<p>increased blood flow in the area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The advantages of applying a biosynthetic skin substitute to a large area of full-thickness burns include:

  1. Reduced risk of infection
  2. Decreased loss of plasma protein and fluid 3.Developing stronger fibrous scar tissues.
  3. More rapid healing
  4. Regeneration of all glands, nerves, and hair follicles

<p>1, 2, 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purulent exudates usually contain

<p>numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isoenzymes in the circulating blood

<p>often indicate the precise location of an inflammatory response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A serous exudate is best described as a

<p>thin, watery, colorless exudate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systemic manifestations of an inflammatory response include

<p>fever and leukocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First line of defense

Tears are part of the body's first protective mechanism against pathogens.

Specific defense

A defense mechanism that involves sensitized T lymphocytes targeting specific pathogens.

Inflammatory response

A nonspecific response to any tissue injury, characterized by swelling, heat, and redness.

Chemical mediators

Substances like histamine and prostaglandins released during inflammation that affect blood vessels.

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Prolongation of inflammation

Unnecessary extension of the inflammatory response, mediated by resolvins.

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Granulation tissue

Highly vascular tissue that forms during the healing process, very fragile and susceptible to infection.

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Edema

Swelling due to increased fluid and protein in interstitial compartments as a result of inflammation.

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Hyperemia

Increased blood flow to an area, causing warmth and redness during inflammation.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which leukocytes ingest foreign material and cell debris.

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Leukocytosis

An increase in white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, often indicating infection or inflammation.

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Fever

An elevated body temperature caused by pyrogens released into circulation.

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Glucocorticoids

Hormones used to treat inflammation due to their ability to decrease capillary permeability.

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Scar tissue

Connective tissue primarily made up of collagen fibers that forms after injury healing.

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Rapid healing

Occurs when wound edges are closely approximated, minimizing complications.

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Burn classification

Classification for burns such as deep partial-thickness, where epidermis and part of dermis are destroyed.

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Full-thickness burn

A severe burn characterized by a dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface.

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Source of infection in burns

Common infection source comes from microbes in hair follicles of burn areas.

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Systemic effects of inflammation

Affecting the entire body; include symptoms like fatigue and mild fever.

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Serous exudate

Thin, watery, colorless fluid typical during inflammation.

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Purulent exudate

A thick, cloudy fluid with numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris.

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Isoenzymes

Variants of enzymes found in blood that can indicate inflammation location.

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Blood pressure and burns

Decreased blood pressure due to fluid loss from the tremendous burn area.

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Edema causes

Edema is caused by increased fluid and protein in interstitial spaces due to inflammation.

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Healing with biosynthetic substitutes

Use of synthetic skin in burns reduces infection risk and heals faster.

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Wound healing factors

Wound healing is promoted by closely approximated edges, lessening inflammation.

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Capillary permeability

Increased during inflammation allowing proteins and fluids to exit blood vessels.

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Causes of inflammatory warmth

Warmth during inflammation is due to increased blood flow in the affected area.

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Immune response signaling

Fever results from a signal sent to the thalamus affecting temperature regulation.

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Clinical signs of inflammation

Typical signs include heat, redness, swelling, and pain at the injury site.

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Study Notes

Inflammation and Healing

  • Inflammation is a nonspecific response to tissue injury
  • Tears are a first line of defense
  • Specific defenses include phagocytosis and sensitized T lymphocytes
  • Chemical mediators are released during inflammation, including histamine and prostaglandins
  • Unnecessary inflammation can be mediated by resolvins, which limit ongoing response
  • Granulation tissue is highly vascular, fragile, and susceptible to infection
  • Inflammatory response involves increased permeability of blood vessels, dilation of blood vessels, and the migration of leukocytes
  • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing foreign material by leukocytes
  • Systemic effects of severe inflammation include fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever
  • Replacement of damaged tissue by similar cells is called regeneration
  • Scar tissue, primarily collagen fibers, forms during repair
  • Glucocorticoids reduce capillary permeability to decrease inflammation

Fever

  • Fever is triggered by pyrogens released into the circulation
  • Fever mechanisms involve general cutaneous vasodilation to help lower body temperature
  • Fever is caused by a signal to the thalamus
  • Fever is not caused by viral infection
  • Fever and pain relief is provided by acetaminophen, but it is not an anti-inflammatory agent

Burns

  • Burns are classified based on depth of tissue destruction (first-degree, superficial, deep partial-thickness, and full-thickness)
  • Full-thickness burns destroy epidermis and dermis
  • Burn percentage can be estimated for surface area evaluation
  • Burns can be infected by microbes that survive in hair follicles
  • Large burn areas lead to decreased blood pressure due to fluid shifts

Inflammatory Response

  • Hyperemia is increased blood flow in the affected area due to vasodilation
  • Inflammatory response involves capillary permeability
  • Biosynthetic skin substitutes are used to treat large full-thickness burns to minimize infection and fluid loss, and promote faster healing
  • Purulent exudates contain leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris
  • Isoenzymes indicate the location of the inflammatory response; they are a type of plasma protein that's normally present
  • Serous exudate is a thin, watery fluid

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