Patho ch 5 prt 1
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Questions and Answers

Tears are considered to be part of the

  • second line of defense.
  • first line of defense. (correct)
  • third line of defense.
  • specific defense.
  • A specific defense for the body is

  • sensitized T lymphocytes. (correct)
  • the inflammatory response.
  • intact skin and mucous membranes.
  • phagocytosis.
  • The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to

  • phagocytosis of foreign material.
  • local vasodilation.
  • formation of purulent exudate.
  • any tissue injury. (correct)
  • Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include

    <p>histamine and prostaglandins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unnecessary spread or prolongation of inflammation is mediated by

    <p>resolvins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulation tissue is best described as

    <p>highly vascular, very fragile, and very susceptible to infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edema associated with inflammation results directly from

    <p>increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from

    <p>increased blood flow into the area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the following events in the inflammatory response immediately after tissue injury?

    1. Increased permeability of blood vessels
    2. Dilation of blood vessels
    3. Transient vasoconstriction
    4. Migration of leukocytes
    5. Hyperemia

    <p>3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of phagocytosis involves the

    <p>ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic effects of severe inflammation include

    <p>fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term leukocytosis means

    <p>increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements applies to fever?

    <p>It results from release of pyrogens into the circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include

    <p>general cutaneous vasodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Replacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is termed

    <p>regeneration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scar tissue consists primarily of

    <p>collagen fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following promotes rapid healing?

    <p>Closely approximated edges of a wound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids are used to treat inflammation because they directly

    <p>decrease capillary permeability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>increased leukocyte production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?

    <p>Acetaminophen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as

    <p>deep partial-thickness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A woman has burns on the anterior surfaces of her right arm, chest, and right leg. The percentage of body surface area burned is approximately

    <p>22.5%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristic appearance of a full-thickness burn is

    <p>dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical source of infection in burn areas is

    <p>microbes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A large burn area predisposes to decreased blood pressure because

    <p>fluid and protein shift out of the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an inflammatory response, hyperemia is caused by

    <p>increased blood flow in the area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantages of applying a biosynthetic skin substitute to a large area of full-thickness burns include:

    1. Reduced risk of infection
    2. Decreased loss of plasma protein and fluid 3.Developing stronger fibrous scar tissues.
    3. More rapid healing
    4. Regeneration of all glands, nerves, and hair follicles

    <p>1, 2, 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purulent exudates usually contain

    <p>numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isoenzymes in the circulating blood

    <p>often indicate the precise location of an inflammatory response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A serous exudate is best described as a

    <p>thin, watery, colorless exudate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic manifestations of an inflammatory response include

    <p>fever and leukocytosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    First line of defense

    Tears are part of the body's first protective mechanism against pathogens.

    Specific defense

    A defense mechanism that involves sensitized T lymphocytes targeting specific pathogens.

    Inflammatory response

    A nonspecific response to any tissue injury, characterized by swelling, heat, and redness.

    Chemical mediators

    Substances like histamine and prostaglandins released during inflammation that affect blood vessels.

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    Prolongation of inflammation

    Unnecessary extension of the inflammatory response, mediated by resolvins.

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    Granulation tissue

    Highly vascular tissue that forms during the healing process, very fragile and susceptible to infection.

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    Edema

    Swelling due to increased fluid and protein in interstitial compartments as a result of inflammation.

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    Hyperemia

    Increased blood flow to an area, causing warmth and redness during inflammation.

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    Phagocytosis

    The process by which leukocytes ingest foreign material and cell debris.

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    Leukocytosis

    An increase in white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, often indicating infection or inflammation.

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    Fever

    An elevated body temperature caused by pyrogens released into circulation.

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    Glucocorticoids

    Hormones used to treat inflammation due to their ability to decrease capillary permeability.

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    Scar tissue

    Connective tissue primarily made up of collagen fibers that forms after injury healing.

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    Rapid healing

    Occurs when wound edges are closely approximated, minimizing complications.

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    Burn classification

    Classification for burns such as deep partial-thickness, where epidermis and part of dermis are destroyed.

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    Full-thickness burn

    A severe burn characterized by a dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface.

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    Source of infection in burns

    Common infection source comes from microbes in hair follicles of burn areas.

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    Systemic effects of inflammation

    Affecting the entire body; include symptoms like fatigue and mild fever.

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    Serous exudate

    Thin, watery, colorless fluid typical during inflammation.

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    Purulent exudate

    A thick, cloudy fluid with numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris.

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    Isoenzymes

    Variants of enzymes found in blood that can indicate inflammation location.

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    Blood pressure and burns

    Decreased blood pressure due to fluid loss from the tremendous burn area.

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    Edema causes

    Edema is caused by increased fluid and protein in interstitial spaces due to inflammation.

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    Healing with biosynthetic substitutes

    Use of synthetic skin in burns reduces infection risk and heals faster.

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    Wound healing factors

    Wound healing is promoted by closely approximated edges, lessening inflammation.

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    Capillary permeability

    Increased during inflammation allowing proteins and fluids to exit blood vessels.

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    Causes of inflammatory warmth

    Warmth during inflammation is due to increased blood flow in the affected area.

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    Immune response signaling

    Fever results from a signal sent to the thalamus affecting temperature regulation.

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    Clinical signs of inflammation

    Typical signs include heat, redness, swelling, and pain at the injury site.

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    Study Notes

    Inflammation and Healing

    • Inflammation is a nonspecific response to tissue injury
    • Tears are a first line of defense
    • Specific defenses include phagocytosis and sensitized T lymphocytes
    • Chemical mediators are released during inflammation, including histamine and prostaglandins
    • Unnecessary inflammation can be mediated by resolvins, which limit ongoing response
    • Granulation tissue is highly vascular, fragile, and susceptible to infection
    • Inflammatory response involves increased permeability of blood vessels, dilation of blood vessels, and the migration of leukocytes
    • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing foreign material by leukocytes
    • Systemic effects of severe inflammation include fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever
    • Replacement of damaged tissue by similar cells is called regeneration
    • Scar tissue, primarily collagen fibers, forms during repair
    • Glucocorticoids reduce capillary permeability to decrease inflammation

    Fever

    • Fever is triggered by pyrogens released into the circulation
    • Fever mechanisms involve general cutaneous vasodilation to help lower body temperature
    • Fever is caused by a signal to the thalamus
    • Fever is not caused by viral infection
    • Fever and pain relief is provided by acetaminophen, but it is not an anti-inflammatory agent

    Burns

    • Burns are classified based on depth of tissue destruction (first-degree, superficial, deep partial-thickness, and full-thickness)
    • Full-thickness burns destroy epidermis and dermis
    • Burn percentage can be estimated for surface area evaluation
    • Burns can be infected by microbes that survive in hair follicles
    • Large burn areas lead to decreased blood pressure due to fluid shifts

    Inflammatory Response

    • Hyperemia is increased blood flow in the affected area due to vasodilation
    • Inflammatory response involves capillary permeability
    • Biosynthetic skin substitutes are used to treat large full-thickness burns to minimize infection and fluid loss, and promote faster healing
    • Purulent exudates contain leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris
    • Isoenzymes indicate the location of the inflammatory response; they are a type of plasma protein that's normally present
    • Serous exudate is a thin, watery fluid

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