Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is necessary for infants to segment speech effectively according to the findings on prosody?
What is necessary for infants to segment speech effectively according to the findings on prosody?
- Variability in speech rate
- Increased volume of speech
- Use of infant-directed speech (IDS) (correct)
- Use of adult-directed speech (ADS)
Which combination of letter pairs is NOT mentioned as a rule for word formation?
Which combination of letter pairs is NOT mentioned as a rule for word formation?
- P-R-E followed by T-T-Y
- B--A followed by B-Y
- P-P-Y followed by B--
- D-O followed by T-T-Y (correct)
How do familiar words assist infants in word segmentation?
How do familiar words assist infants in word segmentation?
- They are disregarded by infants in analysis.
- They act as anchor points in the speech stream. (correct)
- They decrease infants' overall attention.
- They confuse infants, leading to errors.
Which factor contributes to infants showing longer listening times in studies of language segmentation?
Which factor contributes to infants showing longer listening times in studies of language segmentation?
Which characteristic of infant-directed speech (IDS) helps infants segment speech more effectively?
Which characteristic of infant-directed speech (IDS) helps infants segment speech more effectively?
According to the experiments, infants were more attentive to which type of speech?
According to the experiments, infants were more attentive to which type of speech?
What is one potential outcome for 6-month-olds when they hear their own name in speech?
What is one potential outcome for 6-month-olds when they hear their own name in speech?
What does the presence of higher frequency words in speech streams facilitate for infants?
What does the presence of higher frequency words in speech streams facilitate for infants?
What distinguishes phonemes in different languages?
What distinguishes phonemes in different languages?
What happens to an infant's ability to discriminate sounds from non-target languages between the ages of 7-11 months?
What happens to an infant's ability to discriminate sounds from non-target languages between the ages of 7-11 months?
At what age do infants typically start segmenting words from their language?
At what age do infants typically start segmenting words from their language?
What skill is essential for infants to begin the process of language acquisition?
What skill is essential for infants to begin the process of language acquisition?
What is the primary factor influencing infants' ability to recognize and use sounds from their target language by their first year?
What is the primary factor influencing infants' ability to recognize and use sounds from their target language by their first year?
Which process involves breaking down spoken language into smaller units for infants?
Which process involves breaking down spoken language into smaller units for infants?
What role do statistics play in how infants find words in their language?
What role do statistics play in how infants find words in their language?
What do controlled experiments, such as those conducted by Saffran et al. (1999), demonstrate about infants?
What do controlled experiments, such as those conducted by Saffran et al. (1999), demonstrate about infants?
Which language combination is most likely to confuse adults in sound discrimination?
Which language combination is most likely to confuse adults in sound discrimination?
What is suggested about infants' early babbling behavior?
What is suggested about infants' early babbling behavior?
What is a crucial aspect of how smaller units of language convey specific meanings?
What is a crucial aspect of how smaller units of language convey specific meanings?
Which phoneme feature is common across the world's languages?
Which phoneme feature is common across the world's languages?
What might be necessary alongside sound identification and segmentation for effective language learning?
What might be necessary alongside sound identification and segmentation for effective language learning?
Why are highly controlled experiments important in studying infant language acquisition?
Why are highly controlled experiments important in studying infant language acquisition?
What is one of the main challenges identified in applying findings from controlled experiments to real-world language acquisition?
What is one of the main challenges identified in applying findings from controlled experiments to real-world language acquisition?
Infants showing a preference for their mother's voice indicates which of the following?
Infants showing a preference for their mother's voice indicates which of the following?
What is the primary focus of PSYC 21021?
What is the primary focus of PSYC 21021?
Which of the following topics is covered in Part I of the PSYC 21021 course?
Which of the following topics is covered in Part I of the PSYC 21021 course?
What aspect of language development is evaluated in the course aims?
What aspect of language development is evaluated in the course aims?
In which week is the topic of 'Early word learning' discussed?
In which week is the topic of 'Early word learning' discussed?
Who teaches the topic 'The development of self-awareness'?
Who teaches the topic 'The development of self-awareness'?
What role do social skills play according to the course aims?
What role do social skills play according to the course aims?
Which of the following is considered a component of early pre-linguistic skills?
Which of the following is considered a component of early pre-linguistic skills?
What does the course suggest about language as a human characteristic?
What does the course suggest about language as a human characteristic?
What is a key finding related to the babbling of infants learning different languages?
What is a key finding related to the babbling of infants learning different languages?
At what age do infants begin to show a preference for their native language?
At what age do infants begin to show a preference for their native language?
Which of the following studies suggests that newborns' cry melodies are influenced by their native language?
Which of the following studies suggests that newborns' cry melodies are influenced by their native language?
What ability have seven-month-old infants been shown to develop regarding language?
What ability have seven-month-old infants been shown to develop regarding language?
Which factor is essential for the segmentation of words in preverbal infants according to the studies mentioned?
Which factor is essential for the segmentation of words in preverbal infants according to the studies mentioned?
Which of the following researchers focused on statistical learning in infants and young children?
Which of the following researchers focused on statistical learning in infants and young children?
What aspect of language learning does infant-directed speech particularly facilitate?
What aspect of language learning does infant-directed speech particularly facilitate?
Which of the following studies indicates that discrimination between specific sounds like [r] and [l] can be affected by linguistic experience?
Which of the following studies indicates that discrimination between specific sounds like [r] and [l] can be affected by linguistic experience?
At what age do infants start showing a facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception?
At what age do infants start showing a facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception?
What is the primary focus of Bortfeld et al.'s (2005) study?
What is the primary focus of Bortfeld et al.'s (2005) study?
Saffran et al. (1996) examined how infants use which strategy to segment words from spoken language?
Saffran et al. (1996) examined how infants use which strategy to segment words from spoken language?
Which aspect of infant-directed speech is explored in the study by Thiessen et al. (2005)?
Which aspect of infant-directed speech is explored in the study by Thiessen et al. (2005)?
Which research finding is associated with Jusczyk and Aslin (1995)?
Which research finding is associated with Jusczyk and Aslin (1995)?
What is one significant outcome of the study by Fló et al. (2019)?
What is one significant outcome of the study by Fló et al. (2019)?
What is the main goal of the change detection paradigm used in Kuhl et al. (2006)?
What is the main goal of the change detection paradigm used in Kuhl et al. (2006)?
Which component is NOT a focus of the studies mentioned in the context of infant language acquisition?
Which component is NOT a focus of the studies mentioned in the context of infant language acquisition?
What role do social skills play in language acquisition according to the course aims?
What role do social skills play in language acquisition according to the course aims?
How do early pre-linguistic skills contribute to later language development?
How do early pre-linguistic skills contribute to later language development?
What term describes the distinct sound units that differentiate words in language?
What term describes the distinct sound units that differentiate words in language?
What is the significance of understanding word meanings in children's language development?
What is the significance of understanding word meanings in children's language development?
How does prosody influence language acquisition in infants?
How does prosody influence language acquisition in infants?
In what way does the course aim to document the stages of language development?
In what way does the course aim to document the stages of language development?
What aspect of play is emphasized in the context of language learning in young children?
What aspect of play is emphasized in the context of language learning in young children?
What is the significance of infants showing a preference for their mother's voice?
What is the significance of infants showing a preference for their mother's voice?
In what ways do statistical learning and frequency of sounds support language development in infants?
In what ways do statistical learning and frequency of sounds support language development in infants?
What role does the foetal auditory system play in a newborn's language development?
What role does the foetal auditory system play in a newborn's language development?
Flashcards
Developmental Psychology: Language
Developmental Psychology: Language
The study of how children develop language skills, from pre-linguistic abilities to word learning.
Developmental Psychology: Unique Human Skills
Developmental Psychology: Unique Human Skills
The field of psychology that focuses on the development of skills that are unique to humans, especially language and social interaction.
Stages in Language Development
Stages in Language Development
The different stages where a child learns to understand and use language, from identifying sounds to combining words into sentences.
Intention Reading
Intention Reading
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Early Word Learning
Early Word Learning
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Generative Language
Generative Language
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Prelinguistic Speech Processing
Prelinguistic Speech Processing
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Prelinguistic Communication
Prelinguistic Communication
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Phonemes
Phonemes
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Prosody
Prosody
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Infant Sound Discrimination
Infant Sound Discrimination
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Language-Specific Sound Discrimination
Language-Specific Sound Discrimination
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Statistical Learning
Statistical Learning
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Word Segmentation
Word Segmentation
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Infant Statistical Learning
Infant Statistical Learning
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Babbling Development
Babbling Development
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Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)
Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)
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Adult-Directed Speech (ADS)
Adult-Directed Speech (ADS)
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Speech Segmentation
Speech Segmentation
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Word Frequency
Word Frequency
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Anchoring
Anchoring
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Saffran et al. (1996)
Saffran et al. (1996)
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Theissen, Hill & Saffran (2005)
Theissen, Hill & Saffran (2005)
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Phonetic Perception
Phonetic Perception
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Word Order Learning
Word Order Learning
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Controlled Experiments in Language Acquisition
Controlled Experiments in Language Acquisition
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Ecological Validity in Language Acquisition
Ecological Validity in Language Acquisition
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Factors Beyond LAD
Factors Beyond LAD
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Familiar Names in Speech Segmentation
Familiar Names in Speech Segmentation
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Language Discrimination in Newborns
Language Discrimination in Newborns
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Statistical Learning in Infants
Statistical Learning in Infants
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Infant-Directed Speech
Infant-Directed Speech
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Language Influence on Infant Cry Melodies
Language Influence on Infant Cry Melodies
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Early Language Acquisition
Early Language Acquisition
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Rule Learning in Infants
Rule Learning in Infants
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Perceptual Narrowing
Perceptual Narrowing
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Foetal Auditory System
Foetal Auditory System
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Topics and Issues in Developmental Psychology
- Course code: PSYC 21021
- Lecturer: Dr. Alissa Ferry
- University: University of Manchester
Lectures and Lecturers
- Part 1: How children learn language
- Early cognitive and social precursors to language development (Weeks 1 & 2, Alissa Ferry)
- Early word learning (Week 3, Alissa Ferry)
- Combining words (Weeks 4 & 5, Anna Theakston)
- Part 2: How children learn to interact with others
- The development of self-awareness (Week 7)
- The importance of play (Week 8)
- Moral development (Week 9)
- Understanding others and theory of mind (Week 10)
- All taught by Bahar Koymen
Early Language Development: Overview
- Early pre-linguistic skills (Lecture 1)
- How do infants process speech?
- Intention reading/social skills (Lecture 2)
- How do infants communicate with others before language?
- Early word learning (Lecture 3)
- How do infants start to link sounds and meaning (i.e. word learning)?
Early Language Development: Aims
- Document the early stages of language development
- Consider the role of early speech processing in the child's development of language
- Evaluate how social skills play a role in language acquisition
- Evaluate how children begin to learn word meanings
Language Basics (1)
- Language is generative
- Language is comprised of small units that are combined (phonology)
- Language conveys meaning (semantics)
Language Basics (2)
- Languages have rules about how words go together (syntax)
- Examples of syntax: "A bites the dog man", "The dog bites a man", "The man bites a dog"
- Subject-verb-object in English
- Language is social
Languages Across The World
- List of greetings in various languages
Outline
- What sounds are in my language?
- Prosody
- Phonemes
- How do I find the words?
- Statistics
- Prosody
- Frequency
- Pattern finding
- How are the words organized?
- Frequency
- Pattern finding
Infant Designs
- Preference studies
- Habituation/familiarisation studies
- Change detection studies
What Sounds Are In My Language?
- Prosody
- The pattern of stress and intonation in a language
- Languages have different prosodic patterns
- Phonemes
- The perceptually distinct units of sound in a language
- Distinguish one word from another (e.g., p, b, d, t)
- Examples: Pat, bat, bad, pad
- Languages differ in the sounds that they use as phonemes
- Intonation
- Variation in pitch used to indicate a speaker's attitude and emotions
Early Phonological Development: Prosody (1)
- No specific content
Early Phonological Development: Prosody (2)
- The foetal auditory system is fully functioning during the last trimester
- Newborns:
- Prefer their own mother's voice (De Caspar & Fifer, 1980)
- Discriminate languages with different prosody (German/Spanish) but not languages of similar prosody (English/Dutch) (Nazzi et al., 1998)
- Prefer their native language compared to a foreign language (Moon et al., 1993)
- Cry with an "accent" (Mampe et al., 2009)
Early Phonological Development: Phonemes (1)
- Phonemes are the sounds that distinguish words (e.g., pat/bat, sip/zip)
- Other languages have phoneme contrasts that are not in English
- Across the world’s, there are about 600 consonants and 200 vowels, but any language uses about 40
- Children's babble - initially wide range of sounds. In first year move towards producing only sounds of target language (Levitt and Wang, 1991)
Early Phonological Development: Phonemes (3)
- At 1-2 months, infants can discriminate between all sounds, even foreign ones
- Adults only discriminate those in their language (Eimas et al, 1979; Miyawaki et al., 1975)
- Between 7-11 months, systematic decline in ability to distinguish sounds from non-target language and increase for target language. (Kuhl et al, 2006)
Early Phonological Development: Phonemes (2)
- No specific content
Outline (2)
- What sounds are in my language?
- Prosody
- Phonemes, or how words are distinguished audibly
- How do I find the words?
- Statistics
- Prosody
- Frequency
- Pattern finding
- How are the words organized?
- Frequency
- Pattern finding
Finding The Words (1)
- There are no changes in speech
Finding the words (2)
- Infants segment words from their language at approximately 7.5 months, but not at 6 months (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995)
- Infants can recognize words within speech by 7/ 2 months.
Finding the words: Statistics (1)
- Infants are surprisingly sophisticated statisticians.
- Track the co-occurrence of syllables.
- Syllables that co-occur often are likely part of the same word.
Finding the words: Statistics (2)
- Experiment with 8-month-olds using highly controlled made-up language (Saffran et al., 1996).
- List of words and syllables (now including lamipe, nubefe, duvoca, and telugo words and various part-words)
Finding the words: Prosody (1)
- Infant directed speech (IDS), Christia, 2013
- Higher pitched
- Slower speaking rate
- Important words are generally at the end and are exaggerated more
- The boundaries between phrases are enhanced, making it easier to segment speech.
- Infants prefer to listen to IDS and interact with people who use IDS.
- More attentive around IDS
Infant-directed speech example
- No specific content.
Finding the words: Prosody (2)
- Infants segment speech better with IDS than adult-directed speech (ADS) (Theissen, Hill & Saffran, 2005)
- Graph showing frequency
Finding the words: Frequency (1)
- Highly frequent salient words (e.g., Mummy, child's name)
- Highly frequent linguistic words (e.g., the, he/she)
- These words act as an "anchor"
- If you can identify a word in the speech stream, you can identify one boundary of the adjacent words
Finding the words: Frequency (2)
- Highly familiar words (own name, "Mommy") help 6-month-olds segment words (Bortfeld et al., 2005)
- Baby Maggie recognized words next to the name "Maggie" and baby Hanna recognized words next to the name "Hanna"
- Recall that 6-month-olds fail in the Jusczyk & Aslin (1995) study.
- List of words (now including various words, similar to the additional words mentioned)
Finding the words: Frequency (3)
- Some linguistic categories of words (e.g., articles the, a, his, hers, conjunctions and, or) are highly frequent
- Infants can use "the" to segment nouns at 8 months (Shi & Lepage, 2008)
- At test, infants listened longer to an isolated word that was taught with a real function word
Finding the patterns: Frequency (4)
- Italian 8-month-olds listen longer to frequent-first
- Japanese 8-month-olds listen longer to frequent-final
- By 8 months, infants have started to learn some of the ordering rules for their language.
- Graph showing times when listening to words (new graph added)
Finding the patterns: Rule-learning (1)
- Syntax requires learning the abstract rules of a language
- Can infants learn abstract rules?
- Examples of grammatically correct and incorrect sentences. (new examples of sentences. more are added.)
Finding the patterns: Rule-learning (2)
- 6-month-olds could learn an abstract rule with linguistic stimuli (Marcus et al., 1999)
- Examples of sentences. (examples are expanded)
Conclusions and Issues
- Infants make rapid strides in language acquisition over the first year.
- Identifying sounds, statistics, patterns, word boundaries
- Early preferences and skills for starting to crack language complexities.
- Infants tune the specifics of their language (sounds, order) well before they begin to speak.
Conclusions and Issues (Critical Analyses)
- How much of language acquisition can these skills explain?
- What else might be needed to learn language (Hint: other lectures!)
- How is language acquisition different in the real world from the highly controlled experiments?
Conclusions and Issues (To Learn Language)
- To learn language, infants must be able to
- Identify the sounds that make up their language
- Segment speech into smaller units (words)
- Figure out how those smaller units are organized to convey specific meanings
Supplementary Reading (1)
- List of recommended reading material (updated with new reading)
Supplementary Reading (2)
- List of recommended reading material (updated with new reading)
Supplementary Videos
- TED talk by Patricia Kuhl about how infants tune to their language
- Information about speech segmentation and infant-directed speech. (additional video information)
References (1)
- List of references (updated with new references)
References (2)
- List of references (updated with new references)
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