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Questions and Answers
What is essential for a positive self-concept in children during the early school age?
Which age group is primarily influenced by peers and teachers regarding their self-concept?
What is a recommended practice for health promotion in children aged 6-12 years?
What type of play is considered appropriate for children aged 6-9 years?
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Which statement is true about children's understanding of rules as they mature from early to later school age?
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What is the expected weight gain for an infant during the first six months?
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At what age should an infant's anterior fontanel typically close?
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What cognitive milestone is typically reached between 6-7 months of age?
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Which developmental skill is demonstrated when an infant can transfer an object from one hand to the other?
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When should an infant begin to receive vitamin D supplementation during breastfeeding?
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What is the primary purpose of a baby's head circumference measurement?
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What activity should be recommended for infants aged 3 to 4 months?
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At what age should a baby be expected to stand independently?
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What developmental vision milestone do most infants achieve by 1-2 months?
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Which of the following is a reason for formula feeding an infant?
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What is a common sign of stress in children?
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Which of the following best describes the inductive reasoning process?
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At what point do boys typically stop growing according to age?
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Which psychosocial crisis is highlighted by Erikson during adolescence?
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What is a recommended approach for helping a child with schoolwork?
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At what age do children typically start losing their primary teeth?
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Which of the following is a sign that a child has developed gross motor skills by age 5?
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What is the lowest safe blood pressure for a 4-year-old child?
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Which of the following is a common speech behavior for preschoolers?
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What type of play is common among preschool children?
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Which of the following statements about a preschooler's cognitive development is true?
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At what age can a child typically start using a fork competently?
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How should parents approach a child's stuttering?
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At what age does the anterior fontanel typically close?
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Which of the following behaviors indicates a toddler's understanding of basic physical activity by 18 months?
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What is the recommended action if an infant has a temperature of 100 degrees or higher?
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What is a normal behavior for toddlers in relation to their perception of objects?
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At what point should a toddler be seen for dental checkups?
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Which skill is typically developed by the age of 2?
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How much weight can a toddler be expected to gain in one year?
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What indicates that the extrusion reflex has disappeared in an infant?
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Study Notes
Infant Growth & Development
- Typical Vital Signs:
- Heart Rate: 80 - 150 bpm
- Respiratory Rate: 25 - 55 breaths per minute
- Blood Pressure: 65 - 100 / 45 - 65 mmHg
- Temperature: 97.7 - 99°F (36.5 - 37.3°C)
- Growth Milestones:
- First 6 months: gain 1.5 lbs and 1 inch in length per month; head circumference increases by 0.6 inches per month
- 6 - 12 months: double birth weight by 6 months, triple by 1 year; growth slows to 0.5 inch per month in height; head circumference growth slows to 0.2 inches per month
- Anterior fontanel closes: 12 - 18 months
- Posterior fontanel closes: 2 months
- Cognitive Development:
- Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage (until 1 year): learn separation, object permanence, and mental representation
- 4 - 5 months: recognize parents and hold memories for 4 - 5 minutes
- 6 - 7 months: learn object permanence, develop stranger anxiety
- 10 - 12 months: look for hidden objects
- Language Development:
- Receptive Language Development: understand others
- Expressive Language Development: communicate through speech
- Gross Motor Development:
- 1 - 2 months: rudimentary reflexes present
- 3 months: lift head from bed when prone, head lag diminishes
- 4 - 5 months: most rudimentary reflexes disappear, put weight on feet when held, turn from stomach to back
- 6 - 7 months: sit in tripod position, head lag gone, turn from back to stomach
- 8 - 9 months: sit well, crawl, pull self to standing
- 10 - 12 months: stand independently, walk holding on
- Fine Motor Development:
- 1 - 2 months: follow objects with eyes, drop rattle or object
- 3 months: grasp reflex diminishes, hold object if placed in hand
- 4 - 5 months: reach and grasp voluntarily
- 6 - 7 months: transfer objects hand to hand, use palmar grasp
- 8 - 9 months: develop crude pincer grasp, purposely drop objects
- 10 - 12 months: feed self with finger foods
- Recommended Toys:
- 1 - 2 months: items for visual and auditory stimuli; sing and talk to baby
- 3 - 4 months: rattles, floor time
- 5 - 6 months: peek-a-boo, patty-cake, mirrors, large balls, soft toys, blocks and shape sorters
- 9 months: hide-and-seek with toys, pots and pans
- 12 months: push and pull toys, picture books
- Immunizations:
- Term neonates receive passive immunity from mothers, lasting up to 3 months; breastfed infants receive additional immunoglobulins and longer immunity
- Nutrition:
- AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months
- Vitamin D supplementation needed with breastfeeding
- Formula feeding reasons: galactosemia, illegal drug use by mother, chemo, untreated active TB, HIV
- Solid Food Introduction:
- Infant can sit
- Birth weight doubled (at least 13 lbs)
- Infant maintains balance
- Desire for food indicated by infant opening mouth and leaning forward
- Extrusion reflex disappears (4 - 5 months)
- Infant moves food to back of mouth and swallows
- No toothpaste with fluoride
- Teething discomfort is normal
- Restraining car seats are essential for motor vehicle safety
- When to See a Healthcare Provider:
- Temperature 100 degrees or higher
- Rash
- Refusal to eat
- Difficult to arouse from sleep
- Fewer than recommended wet/soiled diapers
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- Yellow-tinged skin or sclera (jaundice)
Toddler Growth & Development
- Toddler age: 12 - 36 months
- Growth: gain approximately 5 lbs per year, grow 3 inches per year
- Reduced calorie demand
- Anterior fontanel closes: 12 - 18 months
- Typical Vital Signs:
- Temperature: 98.6°F (37°C)
- Heart Rate: 70 - 110 bpm
- Respiratory Rate: 20 - 30 breaths per minute
- Blood Pressure: girls 100/61, boys 100/59 mmHg
- Dentition:
- 20 teeth at 2.5 years; begin dental checkups
- Receive fluoride supplementation to prevent tooth decay and strengthen enamel
- Gross Motor Development:
- 15 months: walk independently, crawl up stairs
- 18 months: climb stairs holding hands, jump in place, throw a ball overhand
- 2 years: run, kick a ball, climb stairs with two feet on each step
- Fine Motor Development:
- 15 months: drink from a cup using both hands, build a 2-block tower, put a block in a cup
- 18 months: build a 3 - 4 block tower, turn 2 - 3 pages in a book, use a spoon
- Development:
- 2 years: feed themselves fairly well with a spoon, build a 6-block tower, turn pages one at a time
- 2.5 - 3 years: draw circles
- Language Development:
- 15 months: say 2 - 3 words together, understand 15 words
- 2 years: vocabulary of 300 words, telegraphic speech ("me do it")
- Sensory Development:
- Thinking is immature and illogical
- Animism: believe toys have human qualities and abilities
- Behavior: negativism, communicates need to go to the bathroom, wants to stay dry
- Burn Safety: set water heaters no higher than 120°F
Pre-School Growth & Development
- Age range: 3 - 5 years
- Growth: gain 5 lbs per year and 2 - 3 inches per year
- Vital signs: same as toddlers
- Lowest safe blood pressure is 70 + (2 x child's age) [ex. 4 yr old = 70 + 8 = 78]
- Dentition:
- Full set of primary teeth by preschool; may start losing by 4.5 - 5 years
- Regular toothpaste if capable of swishing and spitting
- Physical Growth & Development:
- Coordination and muscle strength rapidly increase
- Brain size increases
- Perfects fine and gross motor skills
- Independent in dressing, eating, and going to the bathroom
- Gross Motor Development:
- 3 years: ride a tricycle, perform a broad jump, walk on tiptoes
- 4 years: hop on one foot, balance on one foot
- 5 years: walk heel-to-toe, skip, jump rope
- Fine Motor Development:
- 3 - 4 years: begin using a fork
- 4 years: copy a circle
- 4.5 years: copy a cross or X
- 5 years: use a dull knife, draw a stick figure
- Language Development:
- 3 years: telegraphic speech, talk constantly, ask many questions
- 4 - 5 years: increasing vocabulary, use all parts of speech, vivid imaginations, make up stories, may use bad words
- Speech:
- Stuttering is common due to verbal ability being less advanced than thoughts; usually disappears as language progresses
- Allow children to finish their thoughts without interrupting or calling attention to stuttering
- Play and Toys:
- Associative play: play house, dress-up
- Legos, dolls, kitchen sets, dress up clothes, art supplies, riding toys
- Supervised water and sand play
- Imaginary friends: normal, don't contradict unless child blames bad behavior on them
- Psychosocial Development:
- Erikson's stage of initiative vs. guilt: develop self-directed behaviors
- Magical thinking: may believe they cause bad things to happen, cannot distinguish reality from fantasy
- Cognitive Development:
- Piaget's preoperational stage (preschool to 7 years old)
- Fears may be unrelated to reality
- Moral Development:
- Early school age: cannot understand reasoning behind rules, judgment guided by reward and punishment
- Later school age: judge intentions of actions, understand different perspectives, treat others as they wish to be treated
- Self Concept:
- Early school age: parents influence self ideals
- Older school age: teachers and peers are influential
- Positive self-concept is important for feelings of self-worth and confidence
- Social Development:
- Bullying may occur
- Best friends created
- Prefer same gender companions until late school age
- Age Appropriate Activities:
- Cooperative play
- 6 - 9 years: board games, hopscotch, jump rope, collections, stuffed animals, build simple models, organized sports
- 9 - 12 years: models and crafts, hobbies, puzzles, board games, organized sports
- Health Promotions:
- Immunizations: seasonal influenza, DTaP at 6 years old, MMR, varicella
- Screen for scoliosis
- Don't use food as a reward; can lead to obesity.
- Injury Prevention:
- Car safety: appropriate restraint system until 4'9"
- Keep chemicals locked
- Teach older school age children to say no to alcohol, drugs, etc; teach them about 911.
- Promoting Self Esteem:
- Provide opportunities to assume responsibility and follow rules
- Allow them to make responsible choices and solve problems
- Give praise, encouragement, and positive feedback
- Allow them to make mistakes and take responsibility
- Emphasize strengths and help improve weaknesses
- Do not do their homework for them
- Consistent and demonstrative love
- Signs of Stress in Children:
- Unhappy and moody
- Irritability and increased aggression
- Fatigue
- Inability to concentrate
- Hyperactivity
- Changes in eating or sleeping habits
- Physical complaints like nausea, headaches, or stomachaches
- Bed wetting
- Substance abuse
- Diminished school performance
- Suicidal behavior (normal in a hospital setting, concerning at home)
Adolescent Growth & Development
- Physical Development: transition from childhood to adulthood, dramatic changes in size and appearance (second largest growth period after infancy)
- Girls: grow 2 - 8 inches, gain 15 - 55 lbs; stop growing 2 years after their period
- Boys: grow 4 - 12 inches, gain 15 - 66 lbs, stop growing around 18 - 20 years
- Sexual Maturation:
- Girls: breasts, pubic hair, axillary hair, menstruation
- Boys: testicular enlargement, pubic hair, penile enlargement, axillary hair, facial hair, voice changes
- Cognitive Development:
- Piaget's formal operations stage
- Inductive and deductive reasoning
- Ability to connect separate events
- Understanding of consequences
- Understanding of complex concepts using analytical methods
- Psychosocial and Moral Development:
- Erikson: Identity vs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on infant growth and development, including vital signs, growth milestones, cognitive, and language development stages. This quiz covers key concepts and metrics essential for understanding the early stages of life.
