Infancy and Toddlerhood Development

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Questions and Answers

At what age does an average newborn typically double its birth weight?

1 year

4 months (correct)

2 months

6 months

How much weight does an average newborn lose right after birth due to waste elimination and adjusting to feeding?

3 percent

5 percent (correct)

10 percent

7 percent

By what age has a child's weight typically quadrupled since birth?

2 years (correct)

18 months

3 years

1 year

What percentage of a newborn's sleep time is spent in the REM phase?

40% to 50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of a child at 2 years of age?

34.4 inches Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes disappear within the first 6-12 months?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is described as an instinctive need for survival that is controlled by lower brain centers?

Primitive reflex Signup and view all the answers

What average sleep duration is typical for a 2-year-old child?

10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Basic Hunger Cry of infants?

A rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry followed by a brief silence Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament type is characterized by difficulty adapting to new situations?

Difficult Child Signup and view all the answers

What does Holophrasic Speech in infants often involve?

Using partial words to convey thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the challenge that infants face during the first stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erikson?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a Slow-to-Warm-Up Child?

Adjusts slowly to new situations and exhibits a low activity level Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of delayed interaction on infants?

Delayed speech and cognition development Signup and view all the answers

What influences a child's temperament according to the developmental issues outlined?

A combination of innate characteristics and environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

If an infant develops a predominance of trust, what virtue is ideally developed?

Hope Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with Anoxia during delivery?

Permanent brain damage Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a lack of surfactant in preterm infants?

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What best describes 'Small for Date Infants'?

Infants whose birth weight is below normal for the length of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of Hypoxia during childbirth?

Behavioral problems later in life Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Kangaroo Care for preterm infants?

To stabilize the infant's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Extremely Low Birth Weight infants?

Born less than 2 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by postmature babies?

Insufficient blood supply towards the end of gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Nonorganic Failure to Thrive?

Slowed physical growth with no medical explanation Signup and view all the answers

What developmental effect can Shaken Baby Syndrome have?

Severe brain damage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Growth:
- Average newborn weighs 7.5 pounds (5-10 pounds) and is 20 inches long.
- Lose 5% of birth weight initially.
- Double birth weight by 4 months, triple by one year, and quadruple it by age 2.
- Average length at one year is 29.5 inches and around 34.4 inches at age two.
- Head comprises 50% of total length at womb development, 25% at birth, and 20% at age 2.
Infant Sleep:
- Newborns typically sleep 16.5 hours per day.
- Average sleep time decreases over time (15 hours at one month, 14 at 6 months, and around 10 at 2 years).
- Approximately 50% of newborn sleep is Rapid Eye Movement (REM). REM sleep decreases to 25-30% during childhood.
Expected Developmental Tasks:
- Reflex Behavior: Automatic, innate responses to stimuli (e.g., sucking, rooting, Moro reflex).
- Primitive Reflexes: Related to survival needs (e.g., sucking, rooting, Moro reflex). May support early caregiver connection.
- Postural Reflexes: Reactions to position or balance changes.
- Locomotor Reflexes: Resemble voluntary movements, disappear after 6-12 months. Includes Moro (startle), Darwinian (grasping), and Tonic Neck (support neck).
Infant Ages and Sensorimotor Stages:
- Substage 1: Reflexes (0-1 month): Use reflexes to explore.
- Substage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): Infants repeat actions that produce pleasurable results.
- Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): Explore environment through actions.
- Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months): Combine actions to achieve a goal.
- Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months): Trial and error experimentation.
- Substage 6: Beginning of Representational Thought (18-24 months): Use symbols to represent objects.
Language Development:
- Crying of Infants:
  - Basic Hunger Cry: Rhythmic, followed by brief silences.
  - Angry Cry: Increased airflow through vocal cords.
  - Pain Cry: Sudden, loud, and long-lasting cry, followed by breath holding.
  - Frustration Cry: High-pitched, monotonic vocalization.
- Language development begins before birth, progressing through intentional vocalizations, gestures, and word understanding. Holophrasic speech (partially formed words for conveying thoughts).
Developmental Issues:
- Temperament: Innate characteristics like mood, activity, and emotional reactivity (Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-Warm-Up).
- Communication Issues: Adults communicating with infants and toddlers using gestures, partially formed words (holophrasic speech).
Attachment:
- Strange Situation Technique (Mary Ainsworth): Measures attachment styles (Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized/Disoriented).
- Attachment is a reciprocal, enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver. Secure attachment styles establish a base for later development.
Developmental Challenges and Milestones:
- Anoxia/Hypoxia: Lack of or reduced oxygen supply during delivery.
- Meconium: Stringy, greenish-black waste.
- Neonatal Jaundice: Yellowing of skin due to liver immaturity.
- Low Birth Weight/Preterm Infants: Birth weight less than 5 lbs, 8 oz or born before 37 weeks.
- Kangaroo Care: Skin-to-skin contact for preterm infants, promoting survival.
Developmental Milestones (Infancy and Toddlerhood):
- 1st month: Turning head side-to-side, grasping reflex; practice with reflexes.
- 2nd-3rd month: Lifting head, grasping objects, coordinating actions.
- 4th month: Holding head steady, matching voices to faces.
- 6th month: Rolling over, reaching for objects; sensory coordination.
- 7th month: Pincer grasp; independent sitting.
- 8th month: Sitting independently, pulling themselves up.
- 10th month: Standing alone, babbling.
- 11th month: Walking alone, anticipating events.
- Later milestones involve exploring the world, using symbols, understanding words, and exhibiting social emotions.

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Description

This quiz explores key aspects of physical growth, sleep patterns, and expected developmental tasks in infancy and toddlerhood. It covers important milestones such as weight changes, sleep duration, and reflex behaviors. Test your knowledge on developmental stages from newborn to age two.