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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the concept called when an infant understands that an object still exists even when it is hidden?
What is the concept called when an infant understands that an object still exists even when it is hidden?
- Object disappearance
- Object hiding
- Object transformation
- Object permanence (correct)
What is the primary focus of Erikson's Phase 1 of psychosocial development?
What is the primary focus of Erikson's Phase 1 of psychosocial development?
- Establishing independence from caregivers
- Acquiring a sense of self-identity
- Developing a sense of trust (correct)
- Learning to communicate effectively
What is the primary source of pleasure for infants during the Oral Stage?
What is the primary source of pleasure for infants during the Oral Stage?
- Sucking and swallowing (correct)
- Engaging in vocal play
- Exploring their surroundings through touch
- Playing with toys
What is the term for the fear of strangers that infants exhibit between 6 and 8 months old?
What is the term for the fear of strangers that infants exhibit between 6 and 8 months old?
What is the result of too much or too little frustration during Erikson's Phase 1?
What is the result of too much or too little frustration during Erikson's Phase 1?
What is the term for the anxiety that infants exhibit when they are separated from their primary caregivers?
What is the term for the anxiety that infants exhibit when they are separated from their primary caregivers?
What percentage of infants consume solid foods before 4 months old?
What percentage of infants consume solid foods before 4 months old?
What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to infants?
What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to infants?
What is the recommended daily supplement of vitamin D for all infants?
What is the recommended daily supplement of vitamin D for all infants?
What is the primary concern about infant nutrition?
What is the primary concern about infant nutrition?
What is the risk of iron deficiency in infants?
What is the risk of iron deficiency in infants?
What is the most desirable complete diet for infants during the first 6 months?
What is the most desirable complete diet for infants during the first 6 months?
Why is iron supplementation recommended for exclusively breastfed infants after 4 months?
Why is iron supplementation recommended for exclusively breastfed infants after 4 months?
What is the recommended way to administer liquid iron supplements?
What is the recommended way to administer liquid iron supplements?
What is a potential side effect of iron supplements?
What is a potential side effect of iron supplements?
Why should parents avoid giving their child a bottle of milk to bed?
Why should parents avoid giving their child a bottle of milk to bed?
What is the recommended approach to weaning?
What is the recommended approach to weaning?
What may happen to an infant's stools after taking iron supplements?
What may happen to an infant's stools after taking iron supplements?
At what age can an infant transfer objects from one hand to the other?
At what age can an infant transfer objects from one hand to the other?
What can an infant do by the end of their 1st year?
What can an infant do by the end of their 1st year?
What is true about an infant's language development at around 4 months old?
What is true about an infant's language development at around 4 months old?
How do caregivers facilitate language development in infants?
How do caregivers facilitate language development in infants?
What can an infant do by 12 months old?
What can an infant do by 12 months old?
What can you determine about an infant by 9 months old?
What can you determine about an infant by 9 months old?
At what age can infants typically be introduced to finger foods like teething crackers, raw fruit, or vegetables?
At what age can infants typically be introduced to finger foods like teething crackers, raw fruit, or vegetables?
What is the approximate total daily sleep for a 2-month-old infant?
What is the approximate total daily sleep for a 2-month-old infant?
Why are devices like play yards, strollers, and mobile walkers problematic for infants?
Why are devices like play yards, strollers, and mobile walkers problematic for infants?
What is the recommended sequence of introducing solid foods to infants, with the exception of cereal?
What is the recommended sequence of introducing solid foods to infants, with the exception of cereal?
What is the primary goal of anticipatory guidance for parents from 1 to 6 months?
What is the primary goal of anticipatory guidance for parents from 1 to 6 months?
What should parents be prepared for between 6 to 12 months, according to anticipatory guidance?
What should parents be prepared for between 6 to 12 months, according to anticipatory guidance?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Object Permanence
- Understanding that objects still exist even when hidden, leading to the concept of object permanence.
Psychosocial Development (Erikson's Theory)
- Phase 1: Trust vs. Mistrust occurs from birth to 1 year, emphasizing the development of trust in oneself, others, and the world.
- Trust develops as infants expect their needs for feeding, comfort, and care to be met; mistrust arises from excessive frustration or neglect.
Psychosexual Development (Freud's Theory)
- Phase 1: Oral Stage involves obtaining pleasure through oral activities like sucking, chewing, and biting, which are essential for their exploration and control.
Separation Anxiety
- Attachment leads to fear of strangers between 6 to 8 months, showcasing infants' ability to recognize familiar versus unfamiliar people.
Infant Nutrition (First 6 Months)
- Exclusive breastfeeding is advised; iron supplementation (1 mg/kg/day) is recommended after 4 months to prevent iron deficiency.
- No additional fluids required during the first 4 months; iron supplements should be given between meals for better absorption.
Administration of Iron Supplements
- Iron should be given in liquid form with a dropper to minimize staining teeth; avoid mixing with milk to ensure absorption.
- Parents should be informed that iron may cause dark stools and transient constipation.
Weaning Process
- Weaning involves transitioning from breast or bottle to cup, should be gradual, and onset when child is ready.
- Avoid giving milk bottles at bedtime to prevent tooth decay.
Infant Motor Skills Development
- By 7 months, infants can transfer objects between hands; by 9 months, they may show hand dominance.
- By 12 months, infants can place objects in containers and turn pages in a book.
Language Development
- Begins with imitation of sounds; by 2 months, infants attempt vowels and progress to cooing and babbling by 4 months.
- By 6 months, infants imitate single-syllable words, and by 9 to 12 months, they understand simple commands and can say a few words.
Cognitive Development
- Finger foods introduced at 6 to 7 months; table food at 9 to 12 months. Sequence of introducing solid foods: fruits, vegetables, then meats.
Sleep Patterns
- Sleep habits vary; 2-month-olds average 15 hours of sleep, while infants aged 6 to 12 months average 13 hours.
- Excessive use of restrictive devices can hinder gross motor skill development and exploratory behavior.
Anticipatory Guidance for Parents
- For infants 1 to 6 months, guide caregivers on proper infant care, the importance of immunization, and sensory stimulation.
- For infants 6 to 12 months, prepare parents for stranger anxiety, encourage positive interaction, and discuss weaning and injury prevention.
Optimal Health During Infancy
- Emphasis on appropriate nutrition; risks linked to premature introduction of solid foods and iron-deficiency anemia.
- Only 20% of infants were reported to be introduced to solid foods too early, indicating a need for adherence to guidelines suggesting waiting until 4 to 6 months.
Nutrition Recommendations
- Breast milk is the preferred nutrition source for infants up to 6 months; specific vitamin D and B12 supplementation may be necessary among breastfeeding mothers.
- The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 400 IU of vitamin D daily from birth for all infants to prevent deficiencies.
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