Infant Development and Reflexes

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the maximum score on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale for children?

4 (correct)

Which pain scale is specifically designed for children under 1 year of age?

Numeric Pain Scale

FLACC Pain Scale (correct)

Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist

Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale

In the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, what is the score for 'Not at all'?

0 (correct)

How long should behaviors be observed when using the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?

10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What age group does the Numeric Pain Scale apply to?

3 years and older Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical treatment for Tricuspid Atresia to maintain blood flow to the lungs?

Prostaglandin administration Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is common in older children with Tricuspid Atresia?

Clubbing of fingers Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical blood pressure findings in a patient with Coarctation of the Aorta?

Higher BP in upper extremities, lower BP in lower extremities Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital heart defect is described as being incompatible with life and requires emergency intervention?

Transposition of the Great Arteries Signup and view all the answers

In patients with Aortic Stenosis, what symptom may present in infants?

Faint pulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main preventive measure against Hepatitis B for newborns?

Hepatitis B vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is most likely to be transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites?

Zika virus Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically used for severe Group B Streptococcus infections in mothers?

Penicillin G IV Signup and view all the answers

What screening is recommended for all pregnant women to detect Hepatitis B?

Blood test for HBsAg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome of pregnancy in relation to Zika virus infection?

Microcephaly Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for detecting extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?

Pap smear and visual inspection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of TORCH infections?

Flu-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What does the Nuchal Translucency testing indicate?

Risk of Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Quad Screen test performed in the second trimester?

Assess risk for certain genetic conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is performed at the first prenatal visit?

CBC, Blood type & Rh factor, UA Signup and view all the answers

What condition does Rhogam prevent during pregnancy?

Hemolytic disease of the newborn Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a purpose of the 20-week anatomy scan?

Assess fetal anatomy and development Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test?

Identify neural tube defects Signup and view all the answers

When is GBS screening recommended during pregnancy?

At 36 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'T' represent in the 5-digit GTPAL system?

Total births at or beyond 37 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex develops at 36 weeks in utero and can affect feeding in premature infants?

Sucking Reflex Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Stepping Reflex disappear?

2 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of growth in infants according to developmental milestones?

Cephalocaudal Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves the infant turning their head towards touch on their cheek?

Rooting Reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex results in the fanning and hyperextension of the toes when the lateral aspect of the sole is stimulated?

Babinski Reflex Signup and view all the answers

What must occur before an infant can learn new tasks?

Neonatal reflexes must be lost Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Moro Reflex typically disappear?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves an infant's arms moving out and fingers spreading when startled?

Moro Reflex Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Growth and Development in Infants

Head circumference increases as a measure of growth in infants.
Growth pattern follows cephalocaudal direction; development occurs proximo-distally.
A child’s ability to learn is dependent on the readiness of the nervous system.
Neonatal reflexes must disappear for further development to occur.

Infant Reflexes

Stepping Reflex: Baby appears to "walk" when held upright with one foot on a flat surface. Disappears at 2 months.
Sucking Reflex: Reflexive sucking occurs when the nipple or finger is placed in the infant's mouth. Disappears between 2-5 months.
Rooting Reflex: Newborn turns head toward touch on cheek and opens lips to suck. Disappears at 3 months.
Palmar Grasp: Infant grasps when a finger is placed in their palm. Disappears at 4-6 months.
Tonic Neck Reflex: Turns head to one side; opposite side extremities flex or extend. Disappears at 4 months.
Moro Reflex: Startled by a loud noise, the infant's arms move outwards and then towards the middle. Disappears at 4 months.
Babinski Reflex: Fanning and hyperextension of toes upon lateral foot stimulation. Disappears at 12 months.

Pain Scales for Children

NIPS Pain Scale: For neonates and infants under 1 year; scores from 0-2 based on behavior.
FLACC Pain Scale: For ages 2 months to 7 years; assesses behaviors on a scale of 0-10.
Numeric Pain Scale: Familiar to children aged 3 and older; uses numeric ratings for pain.
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale: For kids 3+; children rate pain by selecting faces that correspond to their feelings.

Congenital Heart Defects

Tricuspid Atresia: Tricuspid valve fails to form; incompatible with life without patent foramen ovale or other structural openings.
Transposition of the Great Vessels: Life-threatening condition where the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched; requires emergency intervention for survival.
Truncus Arteriosus: Single vessel arises from the heart, leading to mixed blood flow.

Obstructive Blood Flow Defects

Coarctation of the Aorta: Band around aorta causing pressure differences; elevated BP in upper extremities and reduced BP in lower.
Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve causing faint pulses and exercise intolerance in infants and children.
Pulmonic Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve; symptoms may vary or be asymptomatic.

Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy

Hepatitis A: Transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Hepatitis B: Most threatening to fetus, transmitted via bodily fluids; vaccination is essential.
Hepatitis C: Major concern in IV drug users; tested in high-risk pregnant women.
Zika Virus: Transmitted by mosquitoes; linked to microcephaly in newborns.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

Normal flora for adults; can cause severe infections in newborns, including sepsis and meningitis.
Screening during pregnancy recommended at 35-37 weeks; treated with IV antibiotics.

TORCH Infections

Infections that can affect fetal development: Toxoplasmosis, Other (e.g., Hep A/B, Syphilis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes.

Prenatal Care and Testing

Initial lab tests: CBC, blood type and Rh factor, urine analysis, and STI screening.
20-week anatomy scan and Quad Screen for abnormal markers.
Importance of vaccinations (e.g., Hepatitis B, Tdap) during pregnancy to protect both mother and infant.

Gravida/Para Designation

Gravida (G): Total number of pregnancies.
Parity (P): Number of pregnancies over 20 weeks.
5-digit system includes Term (T), Preterm (P), Abortion (A), and Living Children (L) (GTPAL).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in infant growth, including the cephalocaudal and proximo-distal development patterns. It also discusses important neonatal reflexes such as the stepping and sucking reflexes, and how these impact the overall progression of a child's development.