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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum score on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale for children?
Which pain scale is specifically designed for children under 1 year of age?
In the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, what is the score for 'Not at all'?
How long should behaviors be observed when using the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
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What age group does the Numeric Pain Scale apply to?
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What is a critical treatment for Tricuspid Atresia to maintain blood flow to the lungs?
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What symptom is common in older children with Tricuspid Atresia?
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What are the typical blood pressure findings in a patient with Coarctation of the Aorta?
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Which congenital heart defect is described as being incompatible with life and requires emergency intervention?
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In patients with Aortic Stenosis, what symptom may present in infants?
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What is the primary cause of extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
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What is the main preventive measure against Hepatitis B for newborns?
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Which of the following infections is most likely to be transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites?
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Which treatment is typically used for severe Group B Streptococcus infections in mothers?
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What screening is recommended for all pregnant women to detect Hepatitis B?
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Which of the following is a possible outcome of pregnancy in relation to Zika virus infection?
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What is a common method for detecting extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of TORCH infections?
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What does the Nuchal Translucency testing indicate?
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What is the purpose of the Quad Screen test performed in the second trimester?
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Which laboratory test is performed at the first prenatal visit?
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What condition does Rhogam prevent during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a purpose of the 20-week anatomy scan?
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What is the role of the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test?
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When is GBS screening recommended during pregnancy?
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What does the abbreviation 'T' represent in the 5-digit GTPAL system?
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Which reflex develops at 36 weeks in utero and can affect feeding in premature infants?
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At what age does the Stepping Reflex disappear?
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What is the direction of growth in infants according to developmental milestones?
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Which reflex involves the infant turning their head towards touch on their cheek?
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Which reflex results in the fanning and hyperextension of the toes when the lateral aspect of the sole is stimulated?
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What must occur before an infant can learn new tasks?
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At what age does the Moro Reflex typically disappear?
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Which reflex involves an infant's arms moving out and fingers spreading when startled?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development in Infants
- Head circumference increases as a measure of growth in infants.
- Growth pattern follows cephalocaudal direction; development occurs proximo-distally.
- A child’s ability to learn is dependent on the readiness of the nervous system.
- Neonatal reflexes must disappear for further development to occur.
Infant Reflexes
- Stepping Reflex: Baby appears to "walk" when held upright with one foot on a flat surface. Disappears at 2 months.
- Sucking Reflex: Reflexive sucking occurs when the nipple or finger is placed in the infant's mouth. Disappears between 2-5 months.
- Rooting Reflex: Newborn turns head toward touch on cheek and opens lips to suck. Disappears at 3 months.
- Palmar Grasp: Infant grasps when a finger is placed in their palm. Disappears at 4-6 months.
- Tonic Neck Reflex: Turns head to one side; opposite side extremities flex or extend. Disappears at 4 months.
- Moro Reflex: Startled by a loud noise, the infant's arms move outwards and then towards the middle. Disappears at 4 months.
- Babinski Reflex: Fanning and hyperextension of toes upon lateral foot stimulation. Disappears at 12 months.
Pain Scales for Children
- NIPS Pain Scale: For neonates and infants under 1 year; scores from 0-2 based on behavior.
- FLACC Pain Scale: For ages 2 months to 7 years; assesses behaviors on a scale of 0-10.
- Numeric Pain Scale: Familiar to children aged 3 and older; uses numeric ratings for pain.
- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale: For kids 3+; children rate pain by selecting faces that correspond to their feelings.
Congenital Heart Defects
- Tricuspid Atresia: Tricuspid valve fails to form; incompatible with life without patent foramen ovale or other structural openings.
- Transposition of the Great Vessels: Life-threatening condition where the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched; requires emergency intervention for survival.
- Truncus Arteriosus: Single vessel arises from the heart, leading to mixed blood flow.
Obstructive Blood Flow Defects
- Coarctation of the Aorta: Band around aorta causing pressure differences; elevated BP in upper extremities and reduced BP in lower.
- Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve causing faint pulses and exercise intolerance in infants and children.
- Pulmonic Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve; symptoms may vary or be asymptomatic.
Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy
- Hepatitis A: Transmitted through contaminated food and water.
- Hepatitis B: Most threatening to fetus, transmitted via bodily fluids; vaccination is essential.
- Hepatitis C: Major concern in IV drug users; tested in high-risk pregnant women.
- Zika Virus: Transmitted by mosquitoes; linked to microcephaly in newborns.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
- Normal flora for adults; can cause severe infections in newborns, including sepsis and meningitis.
- Screening during pregnancy recommended at 35-37 weeks; treated with IV antibiotics.
TORCH Infections
- Infections that can affect fetal development: Toxoplasmosis, Other (e.g., Hep A/B, Syphilis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes.
Prenatal Care and Testing
- Initial lab tests: CBC, blood type and Rh factor, urine analysis, and STI screening.
- 20-week anatomy scan and Quad Screen for abnormal markers.
- Importance of vaccinations (e.g., Hepatitis B, Tdap) during pregnancy to protect both mother and infant.
Gravida/Para Designation
- Gravida (G): Total number of pregnancies.
- Parity (P): Number of pregnancies over 20 weeks.
- 5-digit system includes Term (T), Preterm (P), Abortion (A), and Living Children (L) (GTPAL).
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in infant growth, including the cephalocaudal and proximo-distal development patterns. It also discusses important neonatal reflexes such as the stepping and sucking reflexes, and how these impact the overall progression of a child's development.