Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the maximum score on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale for children?
What is the maximum score on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale for children?
Which pain scale is specifically designed for children under 1 year of age?
Which pain scale is specifically designed for children under 1 year of age?
In the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, what is the score for 'Not at all'?
In the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, what is the score for 'Not at all'?
How long should behaviors be observed when using the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
How long should behaviors be observed when using the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
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What age group does the Numeric Pain Scale apply to?
What age group does the Numeric Pain Scale apply to?
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What is a critical treatment for Tricuspid Atresia to maintain blood flow to the lungs?
What is a critical treatment for Tricuspid Atresia to maintain blood flow to the lungs?
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What symptom is common in older children with Tricuspid Atresia?
What symptom is common in older children with Tricuspid Atresia?
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What are the typical blood pressure findings in a patient with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What are the typical blood pressure findings in a patient with Coarctation of the Aorta?
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Which congenital heart defect is described as being incompatible with life and requires emergency intervention?
Which congenital heart defect is described as being incompatible with life and requires emergency intervention?
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In patients with Aortic Stenosis, what symptom may present in infants?
In patients with Aortic Stenosis, what symptom may present in infants?
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What is the primary cause of extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
What is the primary cause of extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
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What is the main preventive measure against Hepatitis B for newborns?
What is the main preventive measure against Hepatitis B for newborns?
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Which of the following infections is most likely to be transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites?
Which of the following infections is most likely to be transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites?
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Which treatment is typically used for severe Group B Streptococcus infections in mothers?
Which treatment is typically used for severe Group B Streptococcus infections in mothers?
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What screening is recommended for all pregnant women to detect Hepatitis B?
What screening is recommended for all pregnant women to detect Hepatitis B?
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Which of the following is a possible outcome of pregnancy in relation to Zika virus infection?
Which of the following is a possible outcome of pregnancy in relation to Zika virus infection?
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What is a common method for detecting extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
What is a common method for detecting extensive vulvar condyloma acuminata?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of TORCH infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of TORCH infections?
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What does the Nuchal Translucency testing indicate?
What does the Nuchal Translucency testing indicate?
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What is the purpose of the Quad Screen test performed in the second trimester?
What is the purpose of the Quad Screen test performed in the second trimester?
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Which laboratory test is performed at the first prenatal visit?
Which laboratory test is performed at the first prenatal visit?
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What condition does Rhogam prevent during pregnancy?
What condition does Rhogam prevent during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a purpose of the 20-week anatomy scan?
Which of the following is a purpose of the 20-week anatomy scan?
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What is the role of the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test?
What is the role of the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test?
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When is GBS screening recommended during pregnancy?
When is GBS screening recommended during pregnancy?
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What does the abbreviation 'T' represent in the 5-digit GTPAL system?
What does the abbreviation 'T' represent in the 5-digit GTPAL system?
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Which reflex develops at 36 weeks in utero and can affect feeding in premature infants?
Which reflex develops at 36 weeks in utero and can affect feeding in premature infants?
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At what age does the Stepping Reflex disappear?
At what age does the Stepping Reflex disappear?
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What is the direction of growth in infants according to developmental milestones?
What is the direction of growth in infants according to developmental milestones?
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Which reflex involves the infant turning their head towards touch on their cheek?
Which reflex involves the infant turning their head towards touch on their cheek?
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Which reflex results in the fanning and hyperextension of the toes when the lateral aspect of the sole is stimulated?
Which reflex results in the fanning and hyperextension of the toes when the lateral aspect of the sole is stimulated?
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What must occur before an infant can learn new tasks?
What must occur before an infant can learn new tasks?
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At what age does the Moro Reflex typically disappear?
At what age does the Moro Reflex typically disappear?
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Which reflex involves an infant's arms moving out and fingers spreading when startled?
Which reflex involves an infant's arms moving out and fingers spreading when startled?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development in Infants
- Head circumference increases as a measure of growth in infants.
- Growth pattern follows cephalocaudal direction; development occurs proximo-distally.
- A child’s ability to learn is dependent on the readiness of the nervous system.
- Neonatal reflexes must disappear for further development to occur.
Infant Reflexes
- Stepping Reflex: Baby appears to "walk" when held upright with one foot on a flat surface. Disappears at 2 months.
- Sucking Reflex: Reflexive sucking occurs when the nipple or finger is placed in the infant's mouth. Disappears between 2-5 months.
- Rooting Reflex: Newborn turns head toward touch on cheek and opens lips to suck. Disappears at 3 months.
- Palmar Grasp: Infant grasps when a finger is placed in their palm. Disappears at 4-6 months.
- Tonic Neck Reflex: Turns head to one side; opposite side extremities flex or extend. Disappears at 4 months.
- Moro Reflex: Startled by a loud noise, the infant's arms move outwards and then towards the middle. Disappears at 4 months.
- Babinski Reflex: Fanning and hyperextension of toes upon lateral foot stimulation. Disappears at 12 months.
Pain Scales for Children
- NIPS Pain Scale: For neonates and infants under 1 year; scores from 0-2 based on behavior.
- FLACC Pain Scale: For ages 2 months to 7 years; assesses behaviors on a scale of 0-10.
- Numeric Pain Scale: Familiar to children aged 3 and older; uses numeric ratings for pain.
- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale: For kids 3+; children rate pain by selecting faces that correspond to their feelings.
Congenital Heart Defects
- Tricuspid Atresia: Tricuspid valve fails to form; incompatible with life without patent foramen ovale or other structural openings.
- Transposition of the Great Vessels: Life-threatening condition where the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched; requires emergency intervention for survival.
- Truncus Arteriosus: Single vessel arises from the heart, leading to mixed blood flow.
Obstructive Blood Flow Defects
- Coarctation of the Aorta: Band around aorta causing pressure differences; elevated BP in upper extremities and reduced BP in lower.
- Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve causing faint pulses and exercise intolerance in infants and children.
- Pulmonic Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve; symptoms may vary or be asymptomatic.
Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy
- Hepatitis A: Transmitted through contaminated food and water.
- Hepatitis B: Most threatening to fetus, transmitted via bodily fluids; vaccination is essential.
- Hepatitis C: Major concern in IV drug users; tested in high-risk pregnant women.
- Zika Virus: Transmitted by mosquitoes; linked to microcephaly in newborns.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
- Normal flora for adults; can cause severe infections in newborns, including sepsis and meningitis.
- Screening during pregnancy recommended at 35-37 weeks; treated with IV antibiotics.
TORCH Infections
- Infections that can affect fetal development: Toxoplasmosis, Other (e.g., Hep A/B, Syphilis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes.
Prenatal Care and Testing
- Initial lab tests: CBC, blood type and Rh factor, urine analysis, and STI screening.
- 20-week anatomy scan and Quad Screen for abnormal markers.
- Importance of vaccinations (e.g., Hepatitis B, Tdap) during pregnancy to protect both mother and infant.
Gravida/Para Designation
- Gravida (G): Total number of pregnancies.
- Parity (P): Number of pregnancies over 20 weeks.
- 5-digit system includes Term (T), Preterm (P), Abortion (A), and Living Children (L) (GTPAL).
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in infant growth, including the cephalocaudal and proximo-distal development patterns. It also discusses important neonatal reflexes such as the stepping and sucking reflexes, and how these impact the overall progression of a child's development.
