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Questions and Answers
What reflex involves the automatic opening of the hand when the ulnar border of the palm is stroked?
Which of the following reactions occurs when the upper lip's central portion is stimulated?
During the rooting reflex, what behavior does the baby exhibit in response to a touch on the cheek?
What happens during the Moro reflex when the baby is in a supine position?
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What is the primary action when a finger is pressed into the palm from the ulnar side during the hand grasp reflex?
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What characteristic gait is observed if spasticity is not corrected during walking?
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Which statement accurately describes emotional incontinence resulting from upper motor neuron lesions?
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What is the clasp-knife phenomenon in response to passive movement?
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Which type of spasticity involves the involvement of both limbs on one side of the body?
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What response is typically observed in a patient experiencing ankle clonus?
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What is the primary behavioral response expected in a child when stimulated on the medial surface of one leg in the crossed extension reflex?
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In which position should a child be placed to observe the tonic labyrinthine reflex?
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What happens to the child's body in response to being placed in a supine position with a focus on extensor tone?
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What is the likely developmental timeline when the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) is typically observed in infants?
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What is the outcome when a child is placed in a prone position and unable to dorsiflex their head and extend their trunk?
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What is the primary characteristic of Gallant's trunk incurvation reflex?
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At what age does the tonic labyrinthine reflex typically begin to disappear?
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What is characteristic of the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex in a patient during the quadruped position?
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At what age does the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex typically present?
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What is a common behavioral response for a child during the positive support reflex when held under the arms?
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What typically occurs for a child between 5 to 7 months in response to the positive support reflex?
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In the context of the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex, what happens when the head is held in a neutral position?
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What is a typical outcome for a child with the Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex if the head is positioned ventroflexed?
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How long after birth can the positive support reflex be typically observed?
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What is the primary characteristic of the position of a patient during the assessment of the STNR?
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What is typically true about the extension phase of the positive support reflex within the first few months?
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Study Notes
Reflexes in Neonates
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Sucking Reflex: The infant sucks on anything that touches their lips and jaw. This reflex is present up to 3 months of age.
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Rooting Reflex: When the baby's cheek is touched, they turn their head toward the stimulus. This reflex is present up to 3 months of age.
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Cardinal Points Reaction: This reflex tests the infant's response to touch on different parts of their mouth.
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Corner of Mouth: Lower lip lowers, tongue moves towards the point of stimulation, head turns in the direction of the stimulus.
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Central Portion of Upper Lip: Upper lip elevates, tongue moves towards the point of stimulation, head extends upwards.
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Central Portion of Lower Lip: Lower lip lowers, tongue moves towards the point of stimulation, jaw lowers, head flexes.
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Hand Opening Reflex: Stroking the ulnar border of the palm and the little finger automatically opens the hand. This reflex lasts up to 2 months.
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Hand Grasp Reflex: Pressing a finger or object into the palm from the ulnar side causes the baby to grasp it. This reflex lasts up to 3 months.
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Moro Reflex: When the baby is in a supine position with their head midline and one leg extended, they will abduct and extend their arms and fingers. This reflex is present up to 4 months of age.
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Gallant's Trunk Incurvation: This reflex is present until 2 months of age .
Postural Reflexes
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Crossed Extension Reflex: When the baby is in supine position with legs extended, tapping the medial surface of one leg causes the opposite leg to adduct internally, rotate, and exhibit plantar reflexes. This reflex lasts up to 2 months.
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Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex: This reflex is present up to 2-5 months of age.
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Reaction to Prone Position: The baby is unable to dorsiflex their head, retract their shoulders, or extend their trunk, arms, and legs, displaying normal flexor tone (fetal position).
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Reaction to Supine Position: Extensor tone dominates when the arms and legs are passively flexed, demonstrating development of extensor tone.
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Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) (Fencer's Reflex): This reflex is present up to 3 - 4 months of age.
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When the baby’s head is turned to one side, there is extension of arm and leg on the face side and flexion of arm and leg on the skull side. This resembles a fencing posture.
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Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR): This reflex is present up to 5 - 6 months of age.
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Head Ventroflexed: Arms flex and legs extend.
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Head Dorsiflexed: Arms extend and legs flex.
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Positive Supporting Reflex: When the baby is held vertically, their legs reflexively extend. This reflex is present up to 3 - 5 months of age.
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Between 2-4 months: Reflexive extension of legs with some weight bearing.
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Between 5-7 months: Extension of legs followed by flexion and kicking responses.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy (CP)
- Spasticity: Increased muscle tone leading to stiffness and resistance to movement.
- Topographic Distribution: Spasticity can affect the whole body or specific areas, depending on the type of CP.
- Monoplegia: One limb affected.
- Diplegia: Both legs affected.
- Paraplegia: Both legs affected, but the upper body is usually not affected.
- Hemiplegia: One side of the body is affected.
- Triplegia: Three limbs affected.
- Quadriplegia: All four limbs and the trunk are affected.
- Overflow/Synkinesia: Involving muscles other than those intended to participate in the action.
- Emotional Incontinence: Uncontrolled crying or laughing due to upper motor neuron lesions.
- Intellectual Impairment: Possible intellectual disability can be present depending on the severity of the CP.
- Visual Signs: Strabismus (crossed eyes), nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), and visual field problems.
- Epilepsy: Possible Grandmal type of epilepsy.
- Communication Impairment:
- Speech Deviation: Spastic dysarthria, which is characterized by difficulties with speech clarity, coordination, and muscle control.
- Language Delay/Deviance: Delays in language development and language use.
- Response to Passive Movement:
- Clasp-Knife Phenomenon: Increased resistance to passive movement followed by a sudden decrease in resistance.
- Clonus: Alternating involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.
- Special Educational Needs: Requires interventions to address academic and functional needs
- Focus on Reading and Writing Skills: Adaptations may be needed for materials and learning methods.
- Social Work Support: To liaise with families, schools, job placement services, and other support organizations to help the individual integrate into society.
- Vocational Placement Officer: To help individuals with CP find suitable jobs, including accommodations in the work environment.
- Speech and Language Therapy: The degree of speech and language impairment is affected by the severity of the CP and the types of problems experienced. Individuals with milder CP might have minor speech delays, whereas those with more severe CP might experience more significant deficits.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various reflexes exhibited by neonates, including the sucking and rooting reflexes. This quiz covers important neonatal reflexes essential for understanding infant development. Explore the responses related to different stimuli and their significance during the early months of life.
