18 Questions
What is the age when an infant typically achieves sitting alone?
7 months
What disease is caused by an unbalanced diet low in protein?
Kwashiorkor
When do infants typically show emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion in response to facial expressions?
At birth
What is the term for building a tower of two cubes, a motor skill achieved at around 11 months?
Building tower of two cubes
What is the disease caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, often seen in the first year of life?
Marasmus
At what age do infants typically show distress when the parent stops reacting in the expected way?
At 11 months
At what age do infants show an understanding of the concept of self in a mirror?
15 months
What is attachment?
A strong affectional/emotional tie with special people in our lives
Why do infants react more to figures who are soft and warm?
Because they are seeking comfort and warmth
What is a secondary drive associated with biological needs met by the caregiver?
Food, warmth, etc.
What do children typically do when they see their image in a mirror?
They touch themselves in response
What is a common behavior exhibited by children around 2-11 months when their mother holds another baby?
Jealousy
At what age does an infant begin to exhibit separation anxiety when the mother is not around?
6 to 8 weeks
What percentage of infants are categorized as 'easy children'?
40%
What is the characteristic of a 'difficult child'?
Being slow to accept new experiences
At birth, what is apparent in an infant?
Temperament
What percentage of children do not fit into the three main temperament categories?
35%
What is the characteristic of a 'slow-to-warm-up child'?
Showing mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli
Study Notes
Infancy Development
- Infants display a range of emotional expressions at birth, suggesting innate emotional capabilities
- Infants perceive facial expressions of emotion and show emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion
Motor Development
- Average age of motor skill achievement:
- Holds head erect and steady: 6 weeks
- Lifts self by arms: 2 months
- Rolls from side to back: 2 months
- Grasps cube: 3 months, 3 weeks
- Rolls from back to side: 4 ½ weeks
- Sits alone: 7 months
- Crawls: 7 months
- Pulls to stand: 8 months
- Plays pat-a-cake: 9 months, 3 weeks
- Stands alone: 11 months
- Walks alone: 11 months, 3 weeks
- Builds tower of two cubes: 11 months, 3 weeks
- Scribbles vigorously: 14 months
- Walks up stairs with help: 16 months
- Jumps in one place: 23 months, 2 weeks
- Walks on tiptoe: 25 months
Emotional Development
- Infants learn about the world through social referencing, observing adults' reactions to events
- Emotional awareness is demonstrated in parent-infant interactions, where infants show distress when the parent stops reacting as expected
- Infants exhibit signs of complex emotions like jealousy, coyness, self-awareness, pride, and shame
- At 15 months, children understand the concept of self, demonstrated by touching their nose when seeing a mirror image with red lipstick
Attachment
- Attachment is a secondary drive associated with biological needs met by the caregiver, such as food and warmth
- Attachment is a strong affectional tie between the infant and caregiver, leading to feelings of pleasure, joy, and comfort
- Infants react more to figures who are soft and warm, rather than just providing food
- Attachment between the infant and mother forms between 6 to 8 weeks, leading to separation anxiety when the mother is not around
- The mother serves as a secure base for the infant to explore the world
Temperament
- Temperament refers to individual differences in emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation
- Temperament is apparent at birth and contributes to debates about the genetic basis of personality
- Three types of temperaments:
- Easy child (40% of infants): cheerful, adaptable, and quick to establish routines
- Difficult child (10% of infants): irregular routines, slow to adapt, and reacting negatively and intensely
- Slow to warm up child (15% of infants): inactive, mild reactions, negative mood, and slow adjustment to new experiences
Nutrition and Health
- Marasmus: a disease caused by a diet low in essential nutrients, appearing in the first year of life when the mother is malnourished and cannot produce enough breast milk
- Kwashiorkor: a disease caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein, striking after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age
Explore the various aspects of infant development, including motor skills, attachment, sensory development, language, and physical growth. Learn about the importance of nutrition, breast milk vs formula, and the risks of diseases like marasmus and kwashiorkor.
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