Infancy and Child Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the age when an infant typically achieves sitting alone?

4 ½ weeks

16 months

7 months (correct)

11 months

What disease is caused by an unbalanced diet low in protein?

Undernourishment

Malnutrition

Kwashiorkor (correct)

Marasmus

When do infants typically show emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion in response to facial expressions?

At 2 months

At 6 months

At birth (correct)

At 1 year

What is the term for building a tower of two cubes, a motor skill achieved at around 11 months?

Building tower of two cubes Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, often seen in the first year of life?

Marasmus Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically show distress when the parent stops reacting in the expected way?

At 11 months Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants show an understanding of the concept of self in a mirror?

15 months Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment?

A strong affectional/emotional tie with special people in our lives Signup and view all the answers

Why do infants react more to figures who are soft and warm?

Because they are seeking comfort and warmth Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary drive associated with biological needs met by the caregiver?

Food, warmth, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What do children typically do when they see their image in a mirror?

They touch themselves in response Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior exhibited by children around 2-11 months when their mother holds another baby?

Jealousy Signup and view all the answers

At what age does an infant begin to exhibit separation anxiety when the mother is not around?

6 to 8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants are categorized as 'easy children'?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a 'difficult child'?

Being slow to accept new experiences Signup and view all the answers

At birth, what is apparent in an infant?

Temperament Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children do not fit into the three main temperament categories?

35% Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a 'slow-to-warm-up child'?

Showing mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infancy Development

Infants display a range of emotional expressions at birth, suggesting innate emotional capabilities
Infants perceive facial expressions of emotion and show emotional resonance by expressing the same emotion

Motor Development

Average age of motor skill achievement:
- Holds head erect and steady: 6 weeks
- Lifts self by arms: 2 months
- Rolls from side to back: 2 months
- Grasps cube: 3 months, 3 weeks
- Rolls from back to side: 4 ½ weeks
- Sits alone: 7 months
- Crawls: 7 months
- Pulls to stand: 8 months
- Plays pat-a-cake: 9 months, 3 weeks
- Stands alone: 11 months
- Walks alone: 11 months, 3 weeks
- Builds tower of two cubes: 11 months, 3 weeks
- Scribbles vigorously: 14 months
- Walks up stairs with help: 16 months
- Jumps in one place: 23 months, 2 weeks
- Walks on tiptoe: 25 months

Emotional Development

Infants learn about the world through social referencing, observing adults' reactions to events
Emotional awareness is demonstrated in parent-infant interactions, where infants show distress when the parent stops reacting as expected
Infants exhibit signs of complex emotions like jealousy, coyness, self-awareness, pride, and shame
At 15 months, children understand the concept of self, demonstrated by touching their nose when seeing a mirror image with red lipstick

Attachment

Attachment is a secondary drive associated with biological needs met by the caregiver, such as food and warmth
Attachment is a strong affectional tie between the infant and caregiver, leading to feelings of pleasure, joy, and comfort
Infants react more to figures who are soft and warm, rather than just providing food
Attachment between the infant and mother forms between 6 to 8 weeks, leading to separation anxiety when the mother is not around
The mother serves as a secure base for the infant to explore the world

Temperament

Temperament refers to individual differences in emotional reaction, activity level, attention, and emotional self-regulation
Temperament is apparent at birth and contributes to debates about the genetic basis of personality
Three types of temperaments:
- Easy child (40% of infants): cheerful, adaptable, and quick to establish routines
- Difficult child (10% of infants): irregular routines, slow to adapt, and reacting negatively and intensely
- Slow to warm up child (15% of infants): inactive, mild reactions, negative mood, and slow adjustment to new experiences

Nutrition and Health

Marasmus: a disease caused by a diet low in essential nutrients, appearing in the first year of life when the mother is malnourished and cannot produce enough breast milk
Kwashiorkor: a disease caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein, striking after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age

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Description

Explore the various aspects of infant development, including motor skills, attachment, sensory development, language, and physical growth. Learn about the importance of nutrition, breast milk vs formula, and the risks of diseases like marasmus and kwashiorkor.