Industrialization in Europe and America

A period of significant technological advancements and societal changes in manufacturing and agriculture, beginning around 1750.

Manufacturing methods before the Industrial Revolution, typically using hand tools and small-scale workshops.

Farming practices before the Industrial Revolution, often relying on manual labor and traditional techniques.

Manufacturing processes using machinery and factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Farming practices using machinery and technology during the Industrial Revolution.

The process of introducing machines into agriculture and manufacturing, leading to economic and social changes.

An economic system where governments control trade to increase national wealth, often by encouraging exports and discouraging imports.

A combination of economic advantages, abundant natural resources, and colonial wealth that led to Industrialization.

A key natural resource in the Industrial Revolution used as fuel for machinery.

Territories controlled by another nation, often providing resources, markets, and labor support for the controlling nation.

U.S. law offering 160 acres of free land to settlers in the West, encouraging western expansion.

Series of laws enabling construction of a transcontinental railroad linking East and West Coasts, boosting trade and settlement.

The railroad connecting the East and West coasts of the United States.

Positive outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, including more jobs, higher wages, increased efficiency, and economic growth.

Negative outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, including pollution, dangerous working conditions, and child labor.

Significant outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, such as industrialization, urbanization, poor working conditions, labor unions, and government regulations.

An engine that uses steam to produce mechanical work.

A machine designed to separate seeds from cotton.

A system for transmitting messages from a distance by electrical signals.

Network of tracks for trains to transport goods and people.

A method for making steel from iron.

The growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution as people moved to urban areas in search of jobs.

New inventions that improved industries.

Organizations formed by workers to improve working conditions and wages.

Laws created to address problems, such as unsafe working conditions, during the industrial revolution, and for the safety of the public as well.

The year the first transcontinental railroad was finished, connecting the east and west coasts of the United States.

The two major cities connected by the first transcontinental railroad in the USA were Omaha, Nebraska and Sacramento, California.

Railroads increased the demand for crucial resources like coal and oil.

The Union Pacific built westward, and the Central Pacific built eastward to complete the transcontinental railroad.

Railroads fueled the growth of various industries like steel and oil.

Railroads made it easier for settlers to move westward.

Railroads helped unify the U.S. by connecting different regions, creating a unified national economy and culture.

To claim land under the Homestead Act, settlers must be of legal age, have no criminal record, and declare no conflict with the U.S.; they also needed to build a home, improve the land, and farm for five years.

The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged westward expansion by allowing settlers to claim land, fostering the development of the West.

The Pacific Railway Acts supported transcontinental railroad construction, connecting East and West with faster and cheaper transport, spurring trade and western migration.

Coal replaced wood as a primary fuel source, leading to increased industrial growth and the rise of steam power.

The steam engine used coal to produce steam, powering factories, trains, and boats, changing transportation dramatically

Factories moved closer to resources and populations due to steam power, creating industrial centers.

Eli Whitney's cotton gin increased cotton production, but also expanded slavery in the South.

The cotton gin separated cotton fibers from seeds, making cotton processing much faster.

Improved transportation connected factories and markets, leading to overall economic growth in industries.

Increased industrialization led to large-scale deforestation as resources, wood among them, were used more intensively.

Problems encountered during the construction of the transcontinental railroad, including corruption, conflicts with Natives, difficult terrain, bad weather, labor shortages, and poor working conditions.

Legislation that provided states funding for agricultural and technical colleges, aiding training in the West.

A law intended to assimilate Native Americans by dividing reservations into individual plots of land.

The process of dividing communal Native American lands into individual plots under the Dawes Act.

U.S. law allowing relocation of Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River.

Government-enforced movement of Native American tribes.

Movement of settlers to lands west of the Mississippi.

Native American territories inhabited for generations.

Forced removal of Native American people from their homelands.

A law forcing Native Americans to move to reservations, often under difficult conditions.

Harsh working environments in factories, including poor sanitation, pollution, and dangerous machinery.

Groups of workers formed to improve wages, working conditions, and hours.

Workers had little control over their jobs and wages due to easily replaceable labor.

A key demand of workers and labor organizations seeking higher compensation for their work.

Workers' goal to reduce long working days and improve work-life balance

Workers' effort to improve safety, cleanliness, and comfort in the workplace; a fundamental pursuit of labor organizations

Children were forced to work in factories during the Industrial Revolution, often in dangerous and harmful conditions.

Industrial factories lacked safety features, leading to accidents and injuries for workers.

A labor union founded to advocate for workers' rights and improve their livelihoods.

Factory owners often took advantage of workers by paying very low wages and forcing them to work very long hours.

Industrial factories often lacked essential safety precautions or measures for the safety of workers.

Workers received very low wages during industrialization.

Workers suffered long working hours.

Workers were often denied adequate break times and meals.