4AE3 U5 C3 Review
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Questions and Answers

What type of waste is produced in the wastewater treatment processes?

  • Liquid waste
  • Solid waste
  • Organic sludge (correct)
  • Hazardous waste

    • What is the purpose of adding chemicals to the water used in industrial processes?

  • To promote the growth of bacteria and algae
  • To clean the water before reusing
  • To prevent corrosion and scale deposition (correct)
  • To increase the temperature of the water

    • What is the term used to describe the residual waste solids produced by mines and other industrial processes?

  • Fly ash
  • Organic waste
  • Hazardous waste
  • Slags (correct)

    • What is the purpose of filtration or deposition in treating liquid waste?

    <p>To separate hazardous solids from liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of burning solid fuels such as coal and wood waste in the power industry?

    <p>Production of slags, fly ash, and bottom ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for disposing of chemical liquids and chemically treated water?

    <p>Dispose of them according to local regulatory requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coal-derived slag used for?

    <p>As blasting grit for surface preparation and as a filler in asphalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether FGD byproducts are sold or treated as waste?

    <p>The market value and end user product specifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of dry landfill disposal of FGD byproducts?

    <p>It has a smaller volume and more options for reclamation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is regenerable FGD less common?

    <p>It is more costly to install</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two common methods of disposing of FGD byproducts?

    <p>Wet impoundments and dry landfills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason Power Engineers need to be familiar with waste materials produced by the processes they are responsible for?

    <p>To ensure the waste materials are handled and disposed of safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the non-combustible component of a fuel?

    <p>Ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical ash content of coal by mass?

    <p>15 to 20 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between soot and ash?

    <p>Soot contains a significant percentage of carbon residue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest size of particulate matter that can cause the most damage to human health?

    <p>Nanoparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of removing particulates from flue gas using electrical charges?

    <p>Electrostatic precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mechanical collectors in removing particulates from flue gas?

    <p>To cause abrupt changes in direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ash that is so light it travels with flue gas?

    <p>Fly ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of incomplete combustion in a furnace?

    <p>Soot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solid or liquid matter small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere?

    <p>Particulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of cyclone separators?

    <p>Centrifugal force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest particle size that mechanical collectors can remove?

    <p>10 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fabric filters typically cleaned?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical voltage range used in electrostatic precipitators?

    <p>10,000-100,000 volts DC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lining surface impoundments with a low-permeability material?

    <p>To prevent contaminants from leaching into the groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of fly ash as a marketable product?

    <p>As an additive to Portland cement in the concrete industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fly ash and bottom ash?

    <p>Fly ash is smaller in size than bottom ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the baghouse in fabric filtration?

    <p>To enclose the fabric filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using electrostatic precipitators over other collectors?

    <p>They are more effective at removing particulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical efficiency of fabric filters in removing particulate matter?

    <p>Above 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of adding chemicals to water in industrial processes?

    <p>To prevent corrosion and scale deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following industrial processes is known to produce hazardous solid wastes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of liquid wastes produced by industrial processes?

    <p>They often contain hazardous solids in solution or suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of blast furnace slag produced by steel manufacturing?

    <p>As a raw material for cement production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when disposing of chemical liquids and chemically treated water?

    <p>The compliance with local regulatory requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of solid waste produced by the power industry?

    <p>It can contain hazardous components, depending on the source materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the fate of coal-derived slag and FGD byproducts?

    <p>Their market value and end user product specifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using dry landfill disposal for FGD byproducts?

    <p>It reduces the volume of waste and offers more options for reclamation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of saleable products from regenerable FGD processes?

    <p>They are all marketable products with commercial value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why regenerable FGD is less common than other FGD processes?

    <p>It is more costly to install</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most FGD byproducts?

    <p>They are treated as waste and disposed of</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health risk associated with particulate matter in the lungs?

    <p>Damage to the lung lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the ash produced by coal and wood-based fuels?

    <p>Ash content percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fabric filters in removing particulate matter from flue gas?

    <p>To trap particles using a fabric mesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental impact of particulate matter in the atmosphere?

    <p>Reduced visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mechanical collectors and electrostatic precipitators?

    <p>Method of particle removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the disposal of coal ash?

    <p>Its toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of removing particulate matter from flue gas?

    <p>Improved air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between soot and ash?

    <p>Soot contains a higher percentage of carbon residue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Power Engineers being familiar with waste materials produced by the processes they are responsible for?

    <p>To ensure safe handling and disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using fabric filters in particulate removal?

    <p>Higher efficiency in removing smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why mechanical collectors are often used as a pre-treatment step for more efficient collectors?

    <p>They can remove larger, heavier particles more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the abrupt change in direction in cyclone separators?

    <p>To increase the centrifugal force on the particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical operating condition for fabric filters that results in maximum dust-removal efficiency?

    <p>During the period of ash buildup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are electrostatic precipitators the most efficient at removing particulate from flue gases?

    <p>They create an electric charge on the particles to be collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration in determining the ultimate use of ash?

    <p>The composition of the ash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lining surface impoundments with a low-permeability material?

    <p>To prevent contaminants from leaching into the groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the application of fly ash and bottom ash?

    <p>The size of the particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rapping or vibrating the collecting electrodes in electrostatic precipitators?

    <p>To clean the collecting electrodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of reusing ash over landfill disposal or containment methods?

    <p>It reduces the environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical efficiency of electrostatic precipitators in removing particulate from flue gases?

    <p>Above 99.9%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for water that is found in soil and rock formations?

    <p>Groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of undesirable materials being dissolved or suspended in water?

    <p>Polluted water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for water discharged from industrial plants?

    <p>Effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can hazardous materials be released into water without creating a problem?

    <p>Because they are properly controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in dealing with hazardous materials in water?

    <p>Releasing them in an uncontrolled manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anaerobic digestion in industrial effluent and wastewater treatment?

    <p>To reduce the amount of organic matter and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of thermal treatment in waste management?

    <p>It completely destroys organic materials through combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when handling and disposing of hazardous liquids?

    <p>The potential environmental damage caused by spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of following neutralizing cleanup and disposal procedures when handling hazardous liquids?

    <p>To prevent environmental damage and ensure personnel safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to ensuring complete destruction of waste through incineration?

    <p>Close control and vigilance during the incineration process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to follow information on current material safety data sheets when handling hazardous liquids?

    <p>To ensure the correct cleanup and disposal procedures are followed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an energy plant, where can liquid wastes originate from?

    <p>From various sources including cooling tower blowdown, boiler blowdown, waste from boiler waterside or fireside cleaning, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when hazardous liquid spills occur?

    <p>They can cause fires or explosions, exposure to toxic fumes, vapours, or clouds, and hazardous byproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thermal pollution on aquatic life?

    <p>It decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, which can have lethal effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regulating thermal effluent into natural waters?

    <p>To limit thermal releases and not exceed the permitted maximum weekly average temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layers of water in a lake with insufficient oxygen due to thermal stratification?

    <p>Thermoclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to industrial dusts in the environment?

    <p>They can be picked up or dissolved by runoff due to precipitation and become liquid pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a sign of water pollution?

    <p>An unexpected decrease in the population of one or more species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Power Engineers need to ensure that the plants they operate meet certain requirements?

    <p>To ensure that the plants are meeting the requirements for regulating liquid pollutant emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor to consider when choosing the location of a new power plant?

    <p>The availability of a cooling water supply of sufficient quantity and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the water used in the condenser of a steam turbine?

    <p>It gets warmer as it travels through the condenser and other related equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cooling towers in industrial plants?

    <p>To recycle cooling water and reduce its environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the final disposal of hazardous waste to landfill, land application, or underground injection?

    <p>Disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with using cooling towers in industrial plants?

    <p>Discharge of chemically treated water into the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using deep well injection for hazardous waste disposal?

    <p>It moves the hazard to a more controlled location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of physical treatment in liquid waste disposal?

    <p>To remove water from solid components using centrifuges or filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with using landfills for hazardous waste disposal?

    <p>The risk of environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemical treatment in liquid waste disposal?

    <p>To neutralize acidic or basic liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using thermal treatment in liquid waste disposal?

    <p>It is effective in removing hazardous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulation regarding the land disposal of hazardous wastes?

    <p>The waste must be treated to become non-hazardous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with using chemical treatment in liquid waste disposal?

    <p>The potential for adverse effects on aquatic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of pH control in liquid waste management?

    <p>To prevent damage to life in the stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a settling pond in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To allow particulate matter to settle to the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vacuum filters in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To capture particles and remove them from the effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reusing wastewater in industrial processes?

    <p>Effluent recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of reusing wastewater in industrial processes?

    <p>Reducing the amount of fresh source water required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of neutralizing the effluent before it is released?

    <p>To prevent damage to life in the stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of not properly treating wastewater before it enters the environment?

    <p>Pollution of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coagulants in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To help cluster small particles together so they can settle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of bringing the pH of the effluent back to the desired level?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of designing industries to produce near zero effluent?

    <p>Reducing the amount of pollution in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a grease trap?

    <p>To separate oil or grease from water by gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of not containing or immobilizing a spilled liquid?

    <p>The liquid can travel great distances, adding to the cost of control, clean up, and disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a berm?

    <p>To contain releases from large vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using cooling ponds?

    <p>To prevent thermal pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a centrifuge?

    <p>To multiply gravitational force for separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of separating oil or grease from water in a grease trap?

    <p>Gravity separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of not breaking an emulsion in a grease trap?

    <p>The oil or grease will not be separated from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of additives in a grease trap?

    <p>To break an emulsion and cause separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using evaporators or crystallizers?

    <p>To eliminate the liquid component of the waste, leaving behind a solid material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of preventing pollution in a process?

    <p>Increasing training and vigilance on the part of operators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of water used to meet consumption demands?

    <p>Surface water and groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of undesirable materials being dissolved or suspended in water?

    <p>The water becomes a liquid pollutant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do potentially hazardous materials typically get into water?

    <p>Through direct dumping or various processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the Earth's surface covered with water?

    <p>Nearly three quarters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the water found in soil and rock formations?

    <p>Groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when materials are released in an uncontrolled manner into water?

    <p>They create a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anaerobic digestion?

    <p>It is a biological treatment method for industrial effluent and wastewater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of spills or leaks of hazardous liquids in lakes, streams, oceans, or environmentally fragile areas?

    <p>It causes significant environmental damage even in small amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of high temperature incinerators in thermal treatment?

    <p>To destroy many organic materials through complete combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of following information on current material safety data sheets when handling hazardous liquids?

    <p>It is necessary to ensure the safe handling of hazardous liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of incomplete control and vigilance in incineration?

    <p>Incomplete destruction of waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of decontaminating and monitoring personnel working on the cleanup of hazardous liquids?

    <p>To prevent the effects of hazardous liquids on the personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of thermal pollution on aquatic life?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of regulating thermal effluent releases into natural waters?

    <p>To minimize the impact on aquatic life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of not handling liquid wastes properly in an energy plant?

    <p>Liquid pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layers of water in a lake with insufficient oxygen due to thermal stratification?

    <p>Thermoclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor to consider when choosing the location of a new power plant?

    <p>Availability of cooling water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thermal pollution on the migration patterns of waterfowl?

    <p>Disruption of natural migration patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of artificially created lakes in power plant effluent management?

    <p>To provide initial cooling to the released water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of solid pollutants in the environment?

    <p>They can become liquid pollutants through runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of hazardous liquid spills in an energy plant?

    <p>Exposure of humans, animals, and plants to toxic fumes, vapours, or clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of permits and licenses in regulating liquid pollutant emissions from energy plants?

    <p>To ensure compliance with environmental regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of cooling towers in industrial plants?

    <p>The potential to contribute to localized acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of deep well injection over landfill disposal of hazardous liquids?

    <p>It moves the hazard to a more controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of treating liquid waste in industrial plants?

    <p>To make disposal more effective and environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental concern regarding the disposal of chemically treated water?

    <p>The adverse effects on downstream aquatic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between disposal and treatment of hazardous waste?

    <p>Disposal involves the final disposal of waste, while treatment prepares waste for disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using centrifuges in physical treatment of liquid waste?

    <p>They can separate solid and liquid components more efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of landfills for hazardous waste disposal?

    <p>The risk of leakage into waterways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using chemical treatment in liquid waste disposal?

    <p>To neutralize highly basic or acidic liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of reusing wastewater in industrial processes?

    <p>It reduces the amount of freshwater required by the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulation regarding the land disposal of hazardous waste?

    <p>The waste must be treated to become non-hazardous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of settling ponds in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To remove particulate matter from effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of bringing the pH of the effluent back to the desired level?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of reusing wastewater in industrial processes?

    <p>Reducing the amount of fresh water required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical goal of industrial wastewater treatment?

    <p>To produce 'near zero effluent'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vacuum filters in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To remove particulate matter from effluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using settling ponds in wastewater treatment?

    <p>Retaining material that can be reused in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pH control in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To prevent pollution by ensuring the pH of effluent is similar to the receiving water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of designing industrial plants to produce 'near zero effluent'?

    <p>Conserving fresh water resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using coagulants in wastewater treatment?

    <p>To help cluster small particles together so they can settle out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of reusing wastewater in oil sands mining operations?

    <p>Conserving fresh water resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of grease traps in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>To separate oil and grease from water through gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using centrifugal separation in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>It is a high-speed method that multiplies gravitational force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of containment dikes or catch basins in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>To collect and contain any excursions from the process area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using evaporators or crystallizers in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>They eliminate the liquid component of the waste, making it easier to handle and dispose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cooling ponds in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>To prevent thermal pollution by cooling water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using surface skimming mechanisms in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>They allow for continuous oil extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of berms in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>They must be adequate in height to hold 110% of the vessel volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of increasing training and vigilance of operators in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>It reduces the risk of pollution and environmental damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using additives in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>To break the emulsion and allow for separation by gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the disposal of liquid waste in industrial effluent treatment?

    <p>It can travel great distances and add to the cost of control, clean up, and disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Industrial Waste and Solid Pollutants

    • Many industrial processes produce solid or liquid wastes, which can be categorized as:
      • Organic and non-organic
      • Solid, semi-solid, and liquid
      • Hazardous and non-hazardous
    • Power Engineers use significant amounts of water to generate steam and operate related processes, which requires:
      • Chemicals to prevent corrosion and scale deposition
      • Chemicals to prevent bacterial and algae growth
      • Wastewater treatment processes that produce contaminated organic sludge

    Solid Waste and Slags

    • Solid waste can contain hazardous components, depending on the source materials
    • Examples of solid waste include:
      • Fly ash, bottom ash, and slag from coal and wood waste
      • Blast furnace slag from steel manufacturing
      • Slags from other industrial processes
    • Fly ash can contain hazardous components such as arsenic, cobalt, and vanadium
    • Solid waste can be reused or disposed of in landfills or surface impoundments

    Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Byproducts

    • FGD processes remove sulfur compounds from flue gas and create marketable byproducts
    • Examples of FGD byproducts include:
      • Elemental sulfur
      • Sulfuric acid
      • Gypsum
    • FGD byproducts can be sold or treated as waste, depending on the process and market value

    Sources of Solid Pollutants

    • Solid pollutants from energy plants come from the fuel burned, including:
      • Coal
      • Wood-based fuel (hog fuel)
      • Biomass
      • Municipal solid waste
    • Ash is the non-combustible component of a fuel, which can be:
      • Fly ash (light, carried in flue gas)
      • Bottom ash (larger, falls out of flue gas)
      • Slag (heated to melting point, formed in coal furnace)

    Adverse Effects of Solid Pollutants

    • Particulates pose a special hazard to humans, as they can be:
      • Inhaled and lodged in the lungs
      • Carried to other organs in the body
      • Associated with adverse health effects, including asthma, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases
    • Particulate matter can also affect the environment, causing:
      • Reduced visibility
      • Changes in pH of lakes and streams
      • Increased acid rain effects
      • Damage to forests and crops
    • Solid fuels can contain trace elements, such as uranium, mercury, arsenic, and heavy metals, which do not burn off and are left behind with the ash

    Methods of Removing Particulates

    • Mechanical separation using inertia and centrifugal force
    • Fabric filters to trap particles
    • Electrostatic precipitators using electrical charges to pull particles out of a gas stream### Air Pollution Control
    • Collectors are designed to remove particles from flue gas, with collection efficiency dependent on particle size
    • Cyclone separators use centrifugal force to remove particles, with efficiency dependent on particle size
    • Mechanical collectors are unable to remove particles smaller than 10 microns and cannot meet modern emission regulations on their own

    Fabric Filters

    • Fabric filters trap dust on fine cloth filters or bags, usually tubular in shape
    • They obtain maximum dust-removal efficiency during ash buildup, and are cleaned by mechanical shaker, rapper system, or reverse pulses of compressed air
    • Fabric filters can achieve efficiencies above 99% for particulate matter

    Electrostatic Precipitators

    • Electrostatic precipitators create an electric charge on particles to collect them, with efficiencies above 99.9%
    • Collecting electrodes are cleaned by rapping or vibrating, and dust falls into hoppers

    Solid Waste Disposal

    • Ash can be disposed of in landfills or as a wet slurry in surface impoundments
    • Ash can be reused as a marketable product, such as an additive to Portland cement, structural fill, or soil amendment
    • Bottom ash can be used as filler material, aggregate, or for traction control

    Liquid Pollution

    • Liquid pollutants can cause fires, explosions, or exposure to toxic fumes, vapors, or clouds
    • Liquid pollutants can also cause harm to humans, animals, and plants, and can contaminate water
    • Thermal pollution can cause damage to aquatic life and ecosystems

    Thermal Pollution in Liquid Reservoirs

    • Thermal pollution can cause the de-aeration of water, reducing the ability of water to dissolve oxygen
    • Elevated temperatures can asphyxiate fish and disrupt aquatic ecosystems
    • Thermal stratification can occur in lakes, trapping pollutants in layers at varying depths

    Cooling Systems

    • Cooling systems can cause thermal pollution, and are regulated to limit thermal releases
    • Cooling towers can reduce thermal pollution, but can also contribute to localized acid rain
    • Cooling towers require treatment of effluent before discharge

    Liquid Waste Disposal

    • Disposal methods include landfill, land application, underground injection, and treatment prior to final disposal
    • Treatment methods include physical, chemical, biological, and thermal treatment
    • Diluting liquid waste to stay within regulatory limits is not permitted

    Preventive Measures – Liquid Pollution

    • Proper treatment of liquid waste can prevent pollution

    • pH control, settling ponds, vacuum filters, and grease traps can be used to reduce the effects of liquid pollution

    • Companies are required to maintain their wastewater discharge within given pH values### Liquid Waste Management

    • The text discusses the management of liquid waste from industrial processes, including treatment, disposal, and prevention of pollution.

    Liquid Waste Treatment

    • Biological treatment involves anaerobic digestion, which reduces organic matter and waste.
    • Thermal treatment involves high-temperature incineration, which destroys organic materials but may produce gaseous emissions.

    Preventive Measures – Thermal Pollution

    • Cooling ponds and cooling towers can reduce thermal pollution from industrial processes.
    • Cooling ponds use a series of ponds to cool water, while cooling towers allow water to be recycled.
    • However, cooling towers can contribute to localized acid rain and damage to aquatic life.

    Liquid Waste Disposal

    • Environment and Climate Change Canada defines disposal as the final disposal of a substance to landfill, land application, or underground injection.
    • Treatment involves physical, chemical, biological, or thermal processes to make a substance non-hazardous.
    • Methods of disposal include landfill, encasement and burial at sea, and deep well injection.

    Preventive Measures – Liquid Pollution

    • Liquid wastes are not pollutants unless they escape containment and cause adverse environmental effects.
    • Proper treatment before release into the environment can prevent pollution.
    • pH control, settling ponds, vacuum filters, and grease traps can reduce the effects of liquid pollution.

    pH Control

    • Effluent should have a similar pH value to the receiving water to avoid damaging life in the stream.
    • Industries generating strongly alkaline or acidic effluents must neutralize the effluent before release.

    Settling Ponds

    • Settling ponds allow particulate matter to settle to the bottom, and clean effluent is then discharged.
    • Coagulants may be used to help cluster small particles together so they settle.

    Vacuum Filters

    • Vacuum filters capture particles by flowing water inward through a fine mesh filter, allowing dewatering of filtered particles.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the types of industrial waste, including organic and non-organic, solid and liquid, and hazardous and non-hazardous. It also touches on the use of water in industrial processes, including the addition of chemicals to prevent corrosion and scale deposition. Test your knowledge of industrial waste management and water treatment!

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