Industrial Revolution Overview

Increased food production through new farming techniques and tools.
Enclosure movement: Landowners consolidated small farms into larger ones, forcing many farmers to seek work in cities.
This shift in labor contributed to the growth of industries.

Became essential for industrial production.
Coal provided fuel for steam engines and iron was used in machinery and infrastructure.
The discovery and use of these resources significantly impacted industrial expansion.

Mechanized weaving, accelerating textile production.
Increased demand for cotton and contributed to the growth of the cotton industry.
Led to the establishment of textile factories.

Replaced the cottage industry.
Large-scale production of goods in centralized factories.
Workers specialized in specific tasks and used machinery.
This system increased productivity but also had significant social and economic consequences.

Cities grew rapidly as people migrated from rural areas for work.
Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in tenements led to disease outbreaks.
Urban problems such as crime and poverty became increasingly prevalent.

A group of English textile workers who protested against the use of machinery that they believed was displacing their jobs.
They sabotaged factories and machines, representing a backlash against industrialization.

Economic doctrine that promoted free markets and limited government intervention.
Advocated for minimal government regulation of business and industry.
This philosophy influenced economic policy during the Industrial Revolution.

Political ideology emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and free markets.
Supported the idea of a constitutional monarchy or republic with elected representatives.
Influenced economic and political reforms during the Industrial Revolution.

Philosophical and ethical theory based on maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering.
Proposed that actions are morally right if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Influenced social reforms advocating for the well-being of the working class.

Political and economic system that advocates for collective ownership and control of resources and production.
Believed in a more equitable distribution of wealth and social justice.
Emerged as a response to the social injustices of industrial capitalism.

A political and economic ideology that advocates for a stateless, classless society where property is communally owned.
Based on the ideas of Karl Marx.
Seeks to abolish private property and create a society based on equality and cooperation.

The business class, owners of capital and means of production during the Industrial Revolution.
Exploited the working class for profit, according to Marx.
They used their wealth and power to influence society and politics.

The industrial working class, those who sold their labor for wages.
They were often exploited by capitalists and subjected to poor working conditions.
According to Marx, they were destined to overthrow the capitalist system.

Organizations of workers who collectively bargain for better wages and working conditions.
Played an important role in improving the lives of workers during the Industrial Revolution.
Advocated for social reforms and legislation that protected workers' rights.

Enclosure: Land consolidation that displaced agricultural workers, forcing them to seek factory jobs.
Conjuncture (in Marx): The specific historical and economic conditions that gave rise to Capitalism and the conflict between the Bourgeois and Proletariat.
Adam Smith: Economist who advocated for laissez-faire economics and the importance of free markets.
Jeremy Bentham: Founder of utilitarianism, arguing for actions that benefit the whole, not just the privileged.
Robert Owen: Social reformer who advocated for utopian socialism and better conditions for workers.
Titus Salt: Successful textile manufacturer who built a model industrial town for his workers.
Middle Class Culture: A new social class, more educated and empowered than the working class, with new values and aspirations.
Ideology of Domesticity: A social ideology that placed women in the home, emphasizing their role as wife and mother, and the importance of domesticity.