Industrial Revolution Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the putting-out system?

  • A type of transportation system
  • A form of factory production
  • A system where merchants loan raw materials to workers (correct)
  • A government-imposed trade regulation

    • Who invented the spinning jenny?

    James Hargreaves

    What was the purpose of the water frame?

    To spin yarn with greater power and capacity

    What did James Watt invent?

    <p>Steam engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the puddling furnace allow manufacturers to do?

    <p>Refine pig iron into iron or steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of George Stephenson's locomotive?

    <p>It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Great Exhibition?

    <p>An industrial fair hosted in the Crystal Palace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Thomas Malthus argue regarding population growth?

    <p>That it would inevitably lead to disaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the iron law of wages?

    <p>Wages tend to settle at subsistence level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advocated for government support of industrialization?

    <p>Friedrich List</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a protective tariff?

    <p>To protect domestic industries from foreign competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do limited liability laws provide for investors?

    <p>Protection from losing more than their initial investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Factory Acts do?

    <p>Limited child labor and improved working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Mines Act of 1842?

    <p>Prohibited underground work for women, girls, and boys under ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the Luddites?

    <p>Handicraft workers who protested against machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Combination Acts of 1799 do?

    <p>Outlawed unions and strikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Robert Owen?

    <p>A leader in the early labor movement and proponent of cooperative communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union?

    <p>A large national union formed to represent workers' interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary demand of the Chartists?

    <p>Political democracy and the right to vote for all men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the Second Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Expansion of industries like steel, electricity, and transportation in the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is capitalism?

    <p>An economic system with private property and no government interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does laissez-faire refer to?

    <p>An economic system with minimal government intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'invisible hand' concept?

    <p>A term used by Adam Smith to describe self-regulating markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was socialism's key idea regarding property?

    <p>It should be regulated or owned by the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the Utopian socialists?

    <p>Visionaries like Saint-Simon and Fourier who aimed to create ideal communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is communism according to Karl Marx?

    <p>A system of radical equality arising from class struggle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Communist Manifesto advocate?

    <p>The emergence of communism as a solution to class struggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Industrial Revolution Concepts

    • Putting out system / Cottage industry

      • Merchants loan raw materials to workers who process them at home.
      • Hand tools are primarily used in this decentralized manufacturing system.

    • James Hargreaves / Spinning Jenny

      • Invented to enhance textile production efficiency.
      • Allowed simultaneous spinning of multiple threads (6-24 spindles).
      • Primarily operated by women, combining manual labor for power and movement.

    • Richard Arkwright / Water Frame

      • Introduced a large-scale spinning machine requiring water power.
      • Utilized specialized mills alongside water streams for energy.
      • Improved strength of thread while maintaining cottage industry relevance.

    • James Watt / Steam Engine

      • Revolutionized mechanical pumps, replacing horse-powered methods.
      • His enhancements included a condenser for higher efficiency.
      • Broadened industrial capabilities by utilizing coal for steam generation.

    • Puddling Furnace

      • Advanced pig iron refining process to produce high-quality iron or steel.

    • George Stephenson / Locomotive (Rocket)

      • First successful steam locomotive; changed transport dynamics.
      • Enabled reduced costs and greater reliability in freight shipping, expanding market reach.

    • Crystal Palace

      • Venue for London's Great Exhibition, showcasing industrial advancements.
      • Constructed entirely of glass and iron, symbolizing new industrial capabilities.
      • Celebrated Britain's emerging status as a global economic leader.

    Economic Theories and Social Movements

    • Thomas Malthus / Essay on the Principle of Population

      • Warned about potential disasters from population growth exceeding food supply.
      • Advocated for "prudential restraint" to control population growth.

    • David Ricardo / Iron Law of Wages

      • Proposed that wages tend to always fall to subsistence levels due to population pressures.

    • Friedrich List / National System of Political Economy

      • Advocated for government support in industrialization.
      • Emphasized economic growth to prevent Germany from lagging behind.

    • Economic Nationalism

      • Focused on self-sufficiency through protective tariffs on imported goods.

    • Protective Tariff

      • Strategy to shield domestic industries by imposing high import taxes.

    • Limited Liability

      • Allowed investors to risk only their original investment, promoting banking and industrial investment.

    • Factory Acts (1802-1833)

      • Series of regulations aimed at improving working conditions, especially for child laborers.
      • Established limits on working hours and safety requirements.

    Labor Movements and Class Awareness

    • Separate Spheres

      • Defined gender roles during the Industrial Revolution, with men as primary earners and women as homemakers.

    • Mines Act of 1842

      • Banned underground work for women, girls, and boys under ten.

    • Class Consciousness

      • Recognition of shared social and economic interests among distinct classes.

    • Luddites

      • Craftsmen who opposed industrialization by destroying machines that threatened their jobs.

    • Combination Acts of 1799

      • Legislation that prohibited unions and strikes; ignored by many workers.
      • Led to the formation of early unions, repealed in 1824, becoming tolerated but not fully legal until 1867.

    • Robert Owen

      • Advocate for labor unions and better working conditions; sought to create national unions.
      • Promoted cooperative communities focusing on workers' health and rights.

    Socialism and Economic Structures

    • Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

      • Notable early national union promoting worker rights and interests.

    • Amalgamated Society of Engineers

      • Successful craft union known for winning benefits for its members.

    • Chartists

      • Movement advocating for political democracy and labor rights, including limiting work hours.

    • Second Industrial Revolution (ca. 1860-1914)

      • Characterized by advancements in steel, electricity, and transportation in the U.S.

    • Capitalism / Free Market

      • Economic system emphasizing private property, competition, and minimal government interference.

    • Socialism

      • Critique of capitalism focusing on economic equality and community ownership of property.

    Utopian and Radical Socialist Ideas

    • Utopian Socialists (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Blanc, Proudhon)

      • Proposed alternative social frameworks promoting cooperation and community values.
      • Saint-Simon emphasized the role of industrialists in planning economies.
      • Fourier envisioned socially structured communities (phalanxes) with shared resources.

    • Communism / Marxist Socialism

      • Originated from Karl Marx, emphasizing class struggle as a driver for social change.
      • Predicted an eventual overthrow of capitalism leading to a classless society.

    • Karl Marx

      • Prominent theorist of socialism, advocating for the proletariat's revolution against bourgeois oppression.
      • Worked towards establishing the foundations of communist ideology.

    • Marx and Engels / The Communist Manifesto (1848)

      • Declared the emergence of communism and outlined its core principles, including class struggle and collective ownership.

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    Test your knowledge about the Industrial Revolution with these flashcards. Each card features key terms and their definitions, including influential inventions and systems that shaped this transformative period in history.

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