The Ultimate Industrial Revolution Quiz

The Industrial Revolution, which occurred from around 1760 to about 1820-1840, was a period of rapid technological change that saw the transition from hand production methods to machines and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods and became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested. The Industrial Revolution led to an unprecedented rise in population and in the rate of population growth. The onset of the Industrial Revolution is considered the most important event in human history since the domestication of animals and plants. Six factors facilitated industrialization: high levels of agricultural productivity, a pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills, available ports, rivers, canals, and roads, natural resources such as coal, iron, and waterfalls, political stability and a legal system that supported business, and financial capital available to invest. The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, important technological developments had been made in textile manufacture, wool, and silk. The flying shuttle, patented in 1733 by John Kay, and the roller spinning frame and the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness, patented by Lewis Paul, were among the important innovations. The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s.The Industrial Revolution: Advances in Cotton and Iron Industries

Cotton Industry:

• The carding machine was invented by Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn in 1748 and later used in the first cotton spinning mill.
• In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles, which produced lightly twisted yarn suitable for weft.
• Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame in 1769, which used a series of four pairs of rollers to draw out the fiber and produce a hard, medium-count thread suitable for warp.
• Samuel Crompton's spinning mule, introduced in 1779, combined the spinning jenny and water frame, producing finer thread at a lower cost.
• Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom, patented in 1785, which had flaws such as thread breakage, but was improved by Samuel Horrocks in 1813 and Richard Roberts in 1822.
• Eli Whitney's cotton gin, invented in response to the challenge of removing seed from upland cotton, could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as would previously have taken two months to process.

Iron Industry:

• Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods, refined from cast iron with substantial losses.

• In the UK in 1720, 20,500 tons of cast iron were produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke, but in 1806, charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons.

• Coal replaced wood and other bio-fuels in iron smelting, requiring much less labor and being more abundant.

• Conversion of coal to coke slightly reduced sulfur content, but low sulfur coals were still limited, and the steam engine overcame the limitation of a scarcity of water power.

• Cast iron became cheaper and widely available, and puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost.

• Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron.

• Hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, used preheated combustion air to reduce the amount of fuel to make pig iron by one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal, increasing efficiency gains and raising furnace operating temperature.Industrial Revolution: Steam Power, Machine Tools, Chemicals, and More

• The Industrial Revolution led to the development of several industries, including those making nails, hinges, wire, and other hardware items.

• The development of stationary steam engines was an important element of the Industrial Revolution, with steam power growing from an estimated 10,000 horsepower in Britain in 1800 to 210,000 hp in 1815.

• The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was a low-lift vacuum and pressure water pump by Thomas Savery in 1698, which was used in waterworks and mines.

• The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712, and despite being inefficient by modern standards, it allowed for deeper coal mining.

• James Watt improved the steam engine in 1778, making it more efficient and allowing it to be used to directly drive the machinery of a factory or mill.

• The development of machine tools allowed for the production of metal parts with precision and interchangeability, with the first large precision machine tool being the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774.

• Henry Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which allowed for the production of machine screws of different thread pitches, and he trained a generation of men to build on his work.

• The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution, with the production of sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate being significant examples.

• Bleaching powder, invented by Charles Tennant in about 1800, revolutionized the bleaching processes in the textile industry.

• Joseph Aspdin patented a chemical process for making Portland cement in 1824, which allowed for the production of concrete on a large scale.

• William Murdoch introduced gas lighting, which allowed factories and stores to remain open longer and allowed for the flourishing of nightlife in cities and towns.

• The development of the cylinder process for glass production in the early 19th century allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, freeing up space planning in interiors.

• The Fourdrinier machine, patented in 1798, allowed for the continuous production of paper and influenced the development of other continuous production processes.

• The British Agricultural Revolution freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy.Industrial Revolution in Britain: Inventions, Mining, Transportation, and Social Effects

• Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701, but good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid-18th century.

• The Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough, and the threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 displaced hand threshing with a flail.

• Precision manufacturing techniques for mass-producing agricultural equipment were developed in the late 19th century, including reapers, binders, and combine harvesters.

• Coal mining in Britain started early, with shallow bell pits and adit or drift mines driven into the side of a hill. The steam pump and Newcomen steam engine improved the removal of water, and the Cornish engine was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine.

• Navigation on several British rivers was improved before and during the Industrial Revolution, and canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be transported long distances inland. The Bridgewater Canal was particularly successful.

• Turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads, and new engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford, and John McAdam.

• Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high-pressure steam engine. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first inter-city railway in the world and was highly successful.

• The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans, who worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off.

• Robert Lucas Jr. argues that the living standards of ordinary people underwent sustained growth for the first time in history during the Industrial Revolution, while others argue that worker living standards declined under early capitalism.

• The life expectancy of children increased dramatically during the Industrial Revolution, but the bulk of the population at the bottom of the social ladder suffered severe reductions in their living standards.

• Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norms for the majority of the population of the world, including Britain and France, until the late 19th century.

• The Corn Laws imposed tariffs on imported food, adversely affecting the food supply in Great Britain.

• Food consumption per capita declined during an episode known as the Antebellum Puzzle in the United States.