Industrial Revolution and IoT Overview

Study Notes

Four industrial revolutions have occurred, each transforming production and society:
- The First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): Mechanization, powered by water and steam, with factories arising.
- The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): Mass production using electricity and assembly lines.
- The Third Industrial Revolution (1950-1990): Automation and computers.
- The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Digital revolution with interconnected systems and artificial intelligence.

As of 2023, there are over 5 billion Internet users worldwide.
The global market size for Industrial IoT is expected to reach over $1 trillion by 2025.

IoT refers to a network of physical objects connected to the internet, enabling communication and data exchange.
These objects can be anything from household appliances to industrial equipment, with wireless and self-configuring connections.

IoT allows us to:
- Collect and analyze data from connected objects.
- Remotely control devices and systems.
- Automate processes and improve efficiency.
- Enhance user experiences with intelligent solutions.

An Embedded system is a specialized computer system designed for a specific task, forming the core of an IoT device.
It combines hardware and software to receive input, process data, and generate output.
IoT devices utilize embedded systems with internet connectivity to share data with other devices in the environment.

The IoT architecture consists of different layers:
- Sensors: Collect data from the environment, transforming analog data into digital signals.
- Local Processing and Storage: Process data gathered from sensors, and send a proportion to edge/fog computing devices.
- Network and Internet: Connect devices using protocols like CoAP, MQTT, HTTP, and XMPP.
- Cloud Processing and Storage: Aggregate data, store information, and perform inferences to gain insights.

Sensors detect changes in the environment, converting physical parameters into measurable signals.
They measure values, send raw data, and operate with low power consumption.

They include devices like NodeMcu, Raspberry Pi, and Arduino, which:
- Collect data from sensors.
- Process information locally.
- May send selected data to edge/fog computing.

IoT devices use gateways and protocols to establish connections:
- Gateways act as bridges between local networks and the internet.
- Protocols like CoAP, MQTT, HTTP, and XMPP enable communication between devices.

Cloud-based services provide:
- Data aggregation for analysis.
- Secure storage for data.
- Computational resources for inferences and insights.

Several platform providers offer services for IoT applications, including:
- AWS IoT Core
- Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
- Google Cloud IoT Core
- IBM Watson IoT Platform

Smart Cities: Efficient waste management through sensor-based systems.
Smart Parking: Create a market worth USD 41 Billion by providing real-time parking information and automated payment systems.
Health and Fitness: Wearable devices for monitoring physical activity, heart rate, sleep patterns, and personalized fitness recommendations.
Weather Monitoring: Network of sensors to gather real-time weather data, enabling better forecasting and disaster preparedness.
Smart Irrigation: Optimized water usage in agriculture, reducing water waste and improving crop yields.