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Questions and Answers

What does the Functional Principle primarily involve in organizational theory?

  • Vertical growth and chain of command
  • Determining the number of subordinates per manager
  • Division into units performing similar functions (correct)
  • Supporting line activities with staff functions

    • What concept does the Classical Organizational Theory rely on to ensure the efficiency of production systems?

  • Differentiated Activities
  • Customer Feedback
  • Scientific Analysis (correct)
  • Human Resource Management

    • According to the Scalar Principle, what structure element is emphasized for effective management?

  • Division of labor
  • Unity of command (correct)
  • Supportive staff roles
  • Span of control

    • What is an essential feature of organizations according to the definition provided?

    <p>Coordination of actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle refers to the number of subordinates a manager has to supervise?

    <p>Span-Of-Control Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of Scientific Management according to Frederick Taylor?

    <p>Eliminating the traditional boss concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Classical Organizational Theory, what ensures cooperation toward goals?

    <p>Exercise of authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of organizations according to Classical Organizational Theory?

    <p>Economic reasons and productivity goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should organizations address their structure according to Classical Organizational Theory?

    <p>By identifying the best way through scientific analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Line Functions primarily responsible for in an organization?

    <p>Meeting the major goals of the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parts of an organization is directly responsible for transforming raw goods into sellable products?

    <p>Operating Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function of management involves the responsibility to ensure that work is carried out in adherence with pre-established plans?

    <p>Coordinating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In structural theory, which of the following is considered a side effect of ideology and causes divisiveness and conflict within an organization?

    <p>Politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Neoclassical Theory of Management, what is emphasized alongside the importance of individual or group behavior?

    <p>Human relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for ensuring that the overall goals set by the strategic apex are carried out by the operating core?

    <p>Middle Line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of management is focused on setting objectives and determining what actions should be taken to achieve them?

    <p>Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an organization is associated with the executive leadership responsible for the overall success of the organization?

    <p>Strategic Apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the function within an organization that possesses specific technical expertise such as accounting, HR, or IT?

    <p>Technostructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that employees will attempt to perform in a manner consistent with their self-esteem?

    <p>Consistency Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employees who are motivated by the challenge of a task demonstrate which type of motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect describes the negative impact of low expectations on an employee’s performance?

    <p>Golem Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of self-esteem discussed?

    <p>Relational Self-Esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Theory, which characteristic involves providing employees with feedback about their performance?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Needs for Achievement and Power, employees with a strong need for affiliation are motivated by jobs that involve what?

    <p>Working with and helping others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Work Preference Inventory is used to measure what?

    <p>Types of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the relationship between self-expectations and performance?

    <p>Galatea Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What core job characteristic refers to the degree to which a job affects the organization or society?

    <p>Task Significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect states that an employee's self-esteem will rise if their manager has confidence in them?

    <p>Pygmalion Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Humanistic Theory in the context of organizational success?

    <p>Employee motivation and interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is a cornerstone of McGregor's Theory X?

    <p>Employees are lazy, selfish, and uninterested in work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Theory Y differ in its perspective on employees from Theory X?

    <p>Theory Y emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential of employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of self-esteem in work motivation, according to the text?

    <p>High self-esteem in employees leads to higher motivation and better performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of managers' behavior according to Theory X?

    <p>Managers nurture employees' positive characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the workplace?

    <p>Employees perform based on the positive or negative assumptions managers have about them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what does motivation in the workplace entail?

    <p>An internal force that drives action, supported by external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McGregor's Theories, what is considered a manager's responsibility under Theory Y?

    <p>To provide opportunities for employees to develop their positive characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a bureaucratic organization according to Max Weber?

    <p>Impersonality and specialization of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT included in the scientific approach to organization?

    <p>Micromanagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue can arise from the division of labor within an organization?

    <p>Coordination of tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is characterized by a limited set of activities to improve proficiency and output?

    <p>Division of Specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Delegation of Authority' approach primarily involve?

    <p>Assigning tasks to employees and holding them responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a span of control?

    <p>The number of subordinates reporting to a supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organization is described as having a top-down, pyramidal structure?

    <p>Hierarchical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes equal treatment and the absence of bias in selection?

    <p>Rationality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

    <p>Company policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary premise of the Reinforcement Theory?

    <p>Behavior is motivated by the consequences that follow it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which need is considered the highest in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alderfer's ERG Theory, which of the following components is NOT directly included?

    <p>Defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drive in the Four-Drive Theory is associated with the need to discover answers to unknown questions?

    <p>Drive to comprehend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following needs is central to McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory?

    <p>Need for power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Herzberg's theory, which factor is directly related to job satisfaction?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the concept of self-regulation in motivation theories?

    <p>Employees make necessary adjustments while monitoring their goal progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory, what distinguishes institutional power from personal power?

    <p>Institutional power is oriented towards organizational objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central idea behind Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory?

    <p>Individuals can be motivated by multiple levels of needs simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reward involves giving personal attention and signs of approval?

    <p>Social Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key determinant of motivation according to Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory?

    <p>Specific and challenging goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to J. Stacey Adam's Equity Theory, what leads to job dissatisfaction?

    <p>Having a lower input/output ratio compared to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of incentive plan is known as earnings-at-risk (EAR) plans?

    <p>Pay for Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of schedule is defined by responses being rewarded after a specific number of responses?

    <p>Fixed Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle implies that a seemingly insignificant item can be used as a reinforcer?

    <p>Premack Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Organizational Behavior Modification?

    <p>Rewarding specified target behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In J. Stacey Adam's Equity Theory, what are elements that employees put into their jobs referred to as?

    <p>Inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style in Path-Goal Theory focuses on planning, organizing, and controlling the activities of employees?

    <p>Instrumental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the 'In-Group' in Leader-Member Exchange Theory?

    <p>Trusting and friendly relationship with the leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an organization experiences too much negative entropy?

    <p>It moves towards disorganization or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory is related to an individual's need to feel in control of their own behaviors and goals?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organization, according to Lawrence and Lorsch’s model, is suited for a stable environment?

    <p>Mechanistic Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Katz & Kahn, what is necessary for an organization to continue as a unified process?

    <p>Bringing the system together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Situational Leadership Theory, which style is used when a leader encounters employees who are willing but unable?

    <p>Coaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Systems Approach recognize about an organization's interaction with its environment?

    <p>Organizations are open systems that interact with their environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Fiedler's contingency model suggest about leadership style?

    <p>It is effective only in certain situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach focuses on ensuring a balance between social and technical systems within an organization?

    <p>Socio-Technical Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best approach according to Mintzberg’s contingency model, when describing an organization?

    <p>Observing several categories of characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the Systems Approach, what constitutes 'Subsystems'?

    <p>Interrelated parts of a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind Equifinality in open systems theory?

    <p>Different paths can lead to the same outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Modern Organization Theory?

    <p>Adapting to changes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Joan Woodward's contingency model match with organizational structure for maximum performance?

    <p>Production technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which style in Situational Leadership Theory is used when an employee is unwilling and unable?

    <p>Directing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resource type is considered an 'input' in open systems theory?

    <p>Machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Leader-Member Exchange Theory, what differentiates the 'Out-Group' from the 'In-Group'?

    <p>Out-Group members have limited communication with the leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lawrence and Lorsch, what must an organic organization rely on?

    <p>Large span of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do organizations avoid the negative impact of entropy?

    <p>Implementing a negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which component directly relates to the perceived likelihood that a specific behavior will lead to a desired outcome?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the MARS Model, which factor refers to how clearly people understand their job duties?

    <p>Role Perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait in Costa & McCrae's Five Factor Model is characterized by being imaginative, creative, and curious?

    <p>Openness to Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the MARS Model that influences performance?

    <p>Instrumentality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Distributive Justice in the context of Organizational Justice Theory?

    <p>Fairness of the decision itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor in the MARS Model includes both natural aptitudes and learned capabilities?

    <p>Ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which component refers to the extent to which the effort exerted will result in the desired outcome?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Intensity' aspect of motivation specifically refer to according to the MARS Model?

    <p>The amount of effort allocated to the goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Organizational Justice Theory emphasizes the fairness of procedures used in decision-making?

    <p>Procedural Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait involves being outgoing, talkative, and energetic according to Costa & McCrae's Five Factor Model?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organizational Theory

    • An organization is a collectivity of parts that cannot accomplish their goals effectively if they operated separately.
    • It is a tool people use to coordinate their actions to obtain something they desire or value to achieve a goal.
    • An organization is a social entity, made up of people that agree on, and work towards goals.
    • Organizations create value, or else they "die".
    • Organizations create value through the following process: Environment (Customers, Suppliers) > Input (Raw Materials, IT, HR) > Process (Machines, Computers, KSAOs) > Output (Products, Services).

    Classical Theory

    • Classical Organizational Theory states that organizations exist for economic reasons and to accomplish productivity goals.
    • The basic ingredient of any organization is a system of differentiated activities.
    • People perform tasks and exercise authority.
    • Cooperation towards a goal is achieved through unity of purpose in pursuit of common goals.
    • Authority ensures cooperation among people pursuing their goals.
    • There is a "right" structure for an organization, which assumes there is one best configuration to accomplish goals.
    • Scientific analysis will identify the one best way to organize for production.
    • The theory deals with the formal organization and concepts to increase management efficiency.
    • Both people and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles.

    Key Principles

    • Functional Principle: concept behind division of labor, which divides organizations into units that perform similar functions into areas of specialization.
    • Scalar Principle: deals with the organization's vertical growth and refers to the chain of command that grows with levels added to the organization.
    • Line/Staff Principle: distinguishes between line functions (primary responsibilities for meeting the major goals of the organization) and staff functions (supporting line activities).
    • Span-of-Control Principle: refers to the number of subordinates a manager is responsible for supervising.

    Scientific Management

    • Frederick Taylor believed that scientific principles could be applied to the study of work behavior to help increase worker efficiency and productivity.
    • Scientific management is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization, specialization, and simplification.
    • The advantages of productivity improvement should go to workers.
    • Physical stress and anxiety should be eliminated.
    • Capabilities of workers should be developed through training.
    • The traditional boss concept should be eliminated.

    Structural Theory

    • Harry Mintzberg proposed that organizations evolve to reach a certain form and shape (structure) which permits the organization to function in its surroundings.
    • The structure of an organization is an adaptive mechanism that permits the organization to function in its surroundings.

    Seven Basic Parts of an Organization

    • Operating Core: responsible for conducting basic work duties that give the organization its defining purpose.
    • Strategic Apex: responsible for the overall success of the entire organization.
    • Middle Line: ensures that overall goals set by strategic apex are being carried out by the operating core.
    • Technostructure: possesses specific technical expertise that facilitates overall operation of the organization.
    • Support Staff: aids the basic mission of the organization.
    • Ideology: belief system that compels commitment to a particular value.
    • Politics: side effect of ideology, causes divisiveness and conflict.

    Neoclassical Theory

    • Neoclassical Theory recognizes the importance of individual or group behavior and emphasizes human relations.
    • Also known as Behavioral Theory of Organization, Human Relations, or New Classical Theory of Management.

    Bureaucracy

    • Described by Max Weber, bureaucracy is the ideal form of organization.
    • Includes formal hierarchy, division of labor, and a clear set of operating procedures.
    • Well-defined authority hierarchy with strict rules for governing behavior.
    • Increase productivity by reducing inefficiencies in organizational operations.

    Characteristics of a Bureaucratic Organization

    • Specialization of labor.
    • Well-defined authority hierarchy.
    • Formal rules and procedures.
    • Impersonality: behavior is based on logical reasoning rather than emotional thinking.

    Administrative Management

    • Aims to improve organizational productivity by focusing on methods that managers can use to synchronize internal processes.
    • Elements of administrative theory include line and staff, committee, and function of management.
    • Principles of administrative management include division of specialization, employed, and underemployed.

    Humanistic Theory

    • Humanistic Theory views organizational success in terms of employee motivation and the interpersonal relationships that emerge within the organization.
    • Theory X and Theory Y (McGregor) describe managers' beliefs and assumptions about their employees.
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy is a key concept in humanistic theory.

    Theory X and Theory Y

    • Theory X: employees are viewed as lazy, selfish, uninterested in work, lack in ambition, and not very intelligent.
    • Theory Y: emphasizes the inherent goodness, capacity, and potential of employees, and their readiness to develop those inherent characteristics in the workplace.

    Motivation

    • The internal force that drives a worker to action, as well as the external factors that encourage that action.
    • Ability and skill determine whether a worker can do the job, but motivation determines whether a worker can do it properly.

    Consistency Theory

    • Employees who feel good about themselves are motivated to perform better at work than employees who do not feel that they are valuable and worthy people.
    • Employees try to perform at levels consistent with self-esteem.

    Types of Self-Esteem

    • Chronic self-esteem: a person's overall feeling about themselves.
    • Situational self-esteem: a person's feeling about themselves in a particular situation.
    • Socially influenced self-esteem: how a person feels about themselves on the basis of the expectations of others.

    Increasing Self-Esteem

    • Employees can attend workshops to gain insights into their strengths.
    • Experience-with-success: giving employees tasks that are easy to succeed at.
    • Galatea effect: the relationship between self-expectations and performance.
    • Train supervisors to communicate a feeling of confidence in an employee.
    • Pygmalion effect: if an employee feels that the manager has confidence in them, their self-esteem will increase.
    • Golem effect: occurs when negative expectations of an individual cause a decrease in that individual's actual performance.### Pay for Performance and Merit Pay
    • Pay for Performance (also called earnings-at-risk plans): pays employees based on how much they produce
    • Merit Pay: bases incentives on performance appraisal scores rather than objective performance measures (sales, productivity)

    Group Incentive Plans

    • Profit Sharing: provides employees with a percentage of profits above a specific amount

    Fairness of the Reward System

    • Reinforcement: increases behavior
      • Positive: adding something to increase behavior
      • Negative: removing something to increase behavior
    • Punishment: decreases behavior

    4 Types of Schedules

    • Fixed Interval
    • Fixed Ratio
    • Variable Interval
    • Variable Ratio

    Organizational Behavior Modification

    • Certain target behaviors are specified, measured, and rewarded

    Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory

    • Emphasizes the role of specific, challenging goals and worker's commitment to those goals as key determinants of motivation
    • Difficult or challenging goals will result in greater levels of motivation if they are accepted by the workers
    • Goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-Bound)

    J. Stacey Adam's Equity Theory

    • Based on the premise that our levels of motivation and job satisfaction are related to how fairly we believe we are treated in comparison with others
    • Inputs: the elements we put into our jobs
    • Outputs: the elements we receive from our jobs
    • Employees subconsciously list all their outputs and inputs and then compute an input/output ratio by dividing the output value by input value
    • If an employee's ratio is lower than those of others, they will become dissatisfied

    Open Systems Theory by Katz & Kahn

    • Organization develops and changes over time as a result of both external and internal forces
    • Must interact with the environment in order to survive

    3 Key Elements of Open Systems Theory

    • Inputs: raw materials, human resources, energy, machinery
    • Throughputs: production processes, service, training
    • Outputs/Feedback: products, services, knowledge

    Characteristics of Open Systems

    • Organizations must be open to its environment to be effective
    • Organizations thrive only as long as there is a continuous flow of energy from the external environment into the system and continuous export of products out of the system
    • Too much Negative Entropy: (all forms of organization move towards disorganization or death), so orgs must avoid this movement
    • The negative feedback loop provides information about where and how the organization is getting off-course; therefore, they could correct or adjust the course
    • Equifinality: a system can reach the same end state in different ways (there isn't just one way to achieve a particular outcome)

    Contingency Theory

    • The "it depends" theory
    • Behavior must be selected to fit the particular circumstance

    A. Joan Woodward's Contingency Model

    • For maximal performance, org structure needed to match the type of production technology
    • 3 types of manufacturers:
      • Small-batch, mass production, and continuous production
      • Producers of small batches of specialty products required a span of control that was moderate in size and a short chain of command
      • Mass Production, large span of control and long chain of command
      • Continuous process, largest span of control
      • Deals only with manufacturing organizations

    B. Lawrence and Lorsch's Model

    • Asserted that two processes determine the company's ability to keep up with external changes: differentiation and integration
    • Proposed that the stability of the environment dictates the most effective form of organization:
      • Depends on the environment of the company
      • Mechanistic Organization: an organization that depends on formal rules and regulations, makes decisions at higher levels of the organization and has smaller spans of control (for stable environments)
      • Organic Organization: organization with a large span of control, less formalized procedures, and decision-making at middle levels (for unstable environments)
    • Differentiation: complexity of the org structure - number of units, various orientations and philosophies of the managers, and the goals and interests of the organization's members
    • Integration: amount and quality of collaboration

    C. Fiedler's Contingency Model

    • Any individual's leadership style is effective only in certain situations

    D. Mintzberg's Contingency Model

    • Argued that one could describe an organization by looking at several categories of characteristics

    Leadership Theories

    Path-Goal Theory

    • A leader can adopt one of four behavioral leadership styles to handle each situation:
      • Instrumental: Calls for planning, organizing, and controlling the activities of employees
      • Supportive: Shows concern for employees
      • Participative: Shares information with employees and lets them participate in the decision making
      • Achievement-Oriented: Challenging goals and rewards increases in performance

    Situational Leadership Theory

    • A leader typically uses one of the 4 behavioral styles:
      1. Delegating: Willing and able
      2. Directing: Unwilling and unable
      3. Coaching: Willing but unable
      4. Supporting: Unwilling but able

    Leader-Member Exchange Theory (Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory)

    • Concentrates on the interactions between leader and subordinates
    • Leaders develop different roles and relationships with other people under them and thus act differently with different subordinates
    • In-Group: HQ relationship with the leader, developed trusting and friendly relationship
    • Out-Group: LQ relationship with the leader, developed

    Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory

    • Defined as the person’s ability to make choices and manage their own life
    • You feel in greater control, as opposed to being non-self-determined, which can leave you feeling that your life is controlled by others
    • People are motivated to grow and change by three innate psychological needs:
      • Autonomy: People need to feel in control of their own behaviors and goals
      • Competence: People need to gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills
      • Connection or Relatedness: People need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to people

    Modern Organization Theory

    • Based on the concept that the organization is a system which has to adapt to changes in its environment

    Organization Approach

    Systems Approach

    • Considers organization as systems - a system is an organized or complex whole - an assemblage or combination of things or parts which form a complex unitary whole
    • Subsystems: Different parts of the system, which are interrelated
    • Open: Interact with the environment
    • Closed: No interaction with the environment
    • Adopts multi-level and multi-dimensional approach, which considers both macro and micro aspects
    • Focuses on the internal dynamics of an organization’s structure and behavior
    • Applicable to all situations

    3 Basic Elements

    • Components: Individual, formal and informal structure in an organization, physical environment
    • Linking Process: Communication, balance, decision analysis
    • Goals of Organization: Growth, stability, interaction

    Socio-Technical Approach

    • Based on the premise that every organization consists of the people, the technical system, and the environment
    • People use tools, techniques, and knowledge to produce goods or services valued by consumers or users
    • Equilibrium among the social system, technical system, and the environment is necessary to make the org more effective
    • Joint Optimization: The idea that the social and technological systems should be designed to fit one another as well as possible
    • Unit Control of Variance: Concerns who handles work problems when they arise

    Motivation

    • Motivated to make the ratios equal in one or more ways
    • Our motivation decreases when our input/output ratios are lower than others

    Vroom's Expectancy Theory

    • Valence: desirability of a particular outcome to an individual
      • Extent to which an employee value a particular consequence
      • Gaano mo ka-gusto yung outcome
    • Instrumentality: relationship between the performance of a particular behavior and the likelihood that a certain outcome will result
      • Link between one outcome and another outcome
      • Outcome of a worker's performance, if noticed, results in a particular consequence
      • The extent to which the performance will result to the desired outcome
      • Kapag bae to yung ginawa ko, yayaman ako?
    • Expectancy:
      • Perceived relationship between the amount of effort an employee puts in and the resulting outcome
      • The extent to which the effort an employee exerted resulted to the outcome she wanted
      • Nag-aral ako ng mabuti, nag-trabaho ako ng maayos kaya eto mayaman na ako

    Organization Justice Theory

    • If employees are treated fairly, they will be more satisfied and motivated
    • Focused on fairness of many aspects such as the process of decision making, outcome of decisions, and how it is communicated to employees
    • Distributive Justice: fairness of the decision itself
    • Procedural Justice: fairness of the procedures used to arrive with the decision

    MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance

    • Performance: is predicted by the Motivation, Ability, Role Perception, and Situational Factors
    • All 4 factors are critical influences on an individual's voluntary behavior and performance, if one is low in a given situation, then, the employee will perform poorly
    • Motivation, ability, and role perception is clustered together as they are located within the person

    Motivation

    • Represents the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior
    • Direction: path along which people steer their effort
    • Motivation is goal-oriented

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