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किस वर्ष के आसपास प्रारंभिक बसेरे इस क्षेत्र में प्रकट होने लगे?
किस प्रकार की योजना पर आधारित थे Harappa और Mohenjo Daro के सेटलमेंट?
किस समयावधि में महत्वपूर्ण शहरों में से Harappa और Mohenjo Daro का उद्भव हुआ?
किन देशों के क्षेत्रों पर इंडस घाटी सभ्यता का विस्तार हुआ था?
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Indus Valley civilizations के समय की वृहत समुद्री सड़क कैसी होती थी?
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जिस भूमि पर इंडस घाटी सभ्यता विकसित हुई थी, वहां किस प्रकार की खेती की जाती थी?
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इंडस घाटी सभ्यता में व्यापार के लिए कौन-कौन से पद्धति का प्रयोग किया जाता था?
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किसके संकेतों का 'हरप्पन स्क्रिप्ट' कहा जाता है?
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'समुद्र-कोकिल' क्या हो सकते हैं?
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'हरप्पन स्क्रिप्ट' का क्या अर्थ है?
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Study Notes
History: A Brief Overview of the Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley civilization is considered one of the earliest civilizations in history, with its origins dating back to around 3500 BC. This ancient society spanned across what we now know as India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and parts of Oman, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It's believed to have existed from approximately 3300 to 1700 BC. Despite having such vast geographical reach, there appears to be no evidence pointing towards conflict between these societies living close together during this time period.
Early Settlements and Urban Development
While it wasn't until around 3300 BC when urban centers started appearing in the region, there were signs indicating that humans had been present even earlier. Archaeologists believe that these early settlers may have lived near rivers, which would have allowed them access to water and fertile land for agriculture.
By 3000 BC, several important cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro emerged, becoming some of the most significant settlements within the Indus Valley civilization. These cities were planned and organized based on city planning principles that included wide streets and complex systems for drainage and sanitation. They also featured large public buildings made out of fired bricks, similar to those found in modern cities.
Agriculture and Economy
Agriculture played a crucial role in the economy of the Indus Valley civilization. Crops like wheat, barley, peas, and lentils were grown, while cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, deer, antelopes, elephants, rhinoceroses, and tigers were reared domestically. In addition to farming, people engaged in trade activities using a standardized weights system composed of seashells and ceramics. This sophisticated economic structure suggests a level of social organization beyond mere subsistence farming.
Writing System and Trade Connections
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Indus Valley civilization was their script, known as 'Harappan Script'. However, despite extensive efforts over the last century by multiple scholars, experts still can't decipher the meaning behind the symbols.
It's clear that they participated extensively in regional and international trade networks. Trade connections extended as far away as Mesopotamia and Egypt, supporting the idea of a well-developed global trading network among prehistoric cultures.
Religion and Social Life
Evidence suggests that religion played a vital part in the lives of the Indus Valley people. Remnants of altars, seals depicting deified animals like bulls and fish, and objects used in religious ceremonies have been discovered during excavations. Social life seemed structured, with clear gender roles; men did the heavy work, women spun cotton, wove cloth, and raised children. Children were treated with respect, as evidenced by toys and games being buried alongside adults who died young. There's no direct evidence supporting slavery or caste systems, although it does seem likely given religious practices.
Despite many questions remaining unanswered due to limited archaeological data, it's safe to say that the Indus Valley civilization holds historical significance and demonstrates human ingenuity thousands of years ago.
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Description
Delve into the fascinating world of the Indus Valley civilization, one of the earliest known societies in history. Learn about their advanced urban planning, agricultural practices, trade connections, religious beliefs, and social structure. Unravel the mysteries surrounding their enigmatic script and discover the enduring legacy of this ancient civilization.
