Individual Differences and Personality
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Questions and Answers

What are the negative effects of organizational cynicism?

  • Increases in job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and overall trust.
  • Increase in stress and anxiety.
  • Decreases in job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and trust. (correct)
  • A lack of productivity and efficiency.

    • Which of the following is NOT a strategy for managing organizational cynicism?

  • Involve cynics in change efforts.
  • Over-communicate.
  • Involve converts. (correct)
  • Deal with the past.

    • What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?

  • The tendency for people to be accurate in assessing their abilities.
  • The tendency for people to be overly critical of themselves.
  • The tendency for people to underestimate their abilities.
  • The tendency for people to overestimate their abilities. (correct)

    • What is the best method to improve self-awareness?

    <p>Feedback. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step suggested for getting meaningful external feedback?

    <p>Build a strong support system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individual differences?

    <p>Variations in the ways people think, act, and feel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Interactionist Framework, what influences human behavior?

    <p>Individual predispositions and the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'strong situation' in the context of the Interactionist Framework?

    <p>A situation where the expected behavior is clear and consistent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a weak situation?

    <p>A sales meeting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding individual differences?

    <p>People are more alike than they are different. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is personality?

    <p>A person's unique and relatively stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a dimension of individual differences mentioned in the text?

    <p>Motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the meta-analytic study mentioned in the text?

    <p>The differences between genders are much smaller than often assumed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of people scoring high on Dark Triad traits?

    <p>They are more likely to engage in counterproductive workplace behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a core self-evaluation?

    <p>Positive affectivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of a mood, as opposed to an emotion?

    <p>Moods are longer-held and less intense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between positive affectivity and problem-solving?

    <p>Positive affectivity leads to increased creativity and effectiveness in problem-solving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of high negative affectivity in the workplace?

    <p>Increased counterproductive work behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between emotions and moods?

    <p>Emotions are more intense and fleeting, while moods are more prolonged and subdued. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality traits is most closely associated with counterproductive workplace behavior?

    <p>Narcissism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which core self-evaluation refers to our belief in our ability to perform well in various situations?

    <p>Generalized self-efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most influential factor in predicting job success?

    <p>Cognitive Ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to learn and acquire cognitive skills called?

    <p>Cognitive Ability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three facets of Emotional Intelligence?

    <p>Perception, Understanding, and Regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to accurately perceive emotions in yourself and others called?

    <p>Emotion Perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these options is NOT a key aspect of Emotional Intelligence?

    <p>Learn and execute a specific task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Do it with feeling' imply in the context of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Using your emotions to guide your actions and decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can understanding and regulating emotions help in predicting the emotional future?

    <p>It helps you identify triggers and how to manage them to avoid negative emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of managers being able to maintain positive moods?

    <p>They are perceived as leaders and more optimistic about the future (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between job satisfaction and happiness?

    <p>Job satisfaction is moderately correlated with happiness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these aspects is NOT a key aspect of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Developing a strong sense of self-awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a global assessment of all aspects of someone's work role?

    <p>Job satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of commitment is characterized by a desire to stay with an organization due to personal attachment?

    <p>Affective Commitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT considered a consequence of high job satisfaction?

    <p>Improved employee health and well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of commitment is characterized by a need to stay with an organization due to the potential costs of leaving?

    <p>Continuance Commitment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe negative attitudes and beliefs about an organization?

    <p>Organizational Cynicism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT considered a benefit of increasing emotional intelligence?

    <p>Increased stress levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait in the Big Five model is most directly associated with successful performance in customer service roles?

    <p>Agreeableness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these traits is NOT part of the Dark Triad?

    <p>Emotional instability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait from the Big Five model is most likely to predict success in managerial training programs?

    <p>Openness to Experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is NOT directly associated with the Dark Triad?

    <p>Neuroticism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals exhibiting which trait from the Big Five model are most likely to be unreliable and disorganized?

    <p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between personality and behavior?

    <p>Personality traits primarily influence behavior, but other factors like situation can also play a role. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the Big Five personality traits would be most valuable in individuals who excel in sales roles?

    <p>Extraversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Individual Differences

    Variations among people in personality, ability, emotions, and attitudes.

    Interactionist Framework

    Human behavior results from individual traits and environmental context.

    Strong Situations

    Contexts where expected behaviors are clear to everyone.

    Weak Situations

    Contexts with vague expectations for behavior, open to interpretation.

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    Personality

    Enduring ways individuals think, act, and feel over time.

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    Cognitive Ability

    The mental capacity for learning, thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

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    Emotional Intelligence

    The ability to understand and manage your own emotions and those of others.

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    Common Job Attitudes

    General feelings and beliefs about work that impact performance.

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    Big 5 Model of Personality

    A model describing five key traits that influence behavior.

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    Openness to Experience

    A trait indicating a tendency to seek new experiences and reflect creativity.

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    Conscientiousness

    A trait reflecting hard-working, organized, and dependable behavior.

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    Extraversion

    A trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and gregariousness.

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    Neuroticism

    A trait involving tendencies toward insecurity, anxiety, and nervousness.

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    The Dark Triad

    A group of three personality traits including Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism.

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    Machiavellianism

    A trait marked by deceitfulness, manipulation, and exploitation of others.

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    Narcissism

    A personality trait involving excessive admiration for oneself and attention-seeking behavior.

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    Dark Triad

    A group of three traits: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy linked to negative behaviors.

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    Counterproductive Workplace Behavior

    Actions by employees that actively harm the organization or its members.

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    Self-Esteem

    The value we place on ourselves, impacting confidence and behavior.

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    Generalized Self-Efficacy

    Belief in one's ability to perform effectively across various situations.

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    Emotions

    Intense, short-lived feelings triggered by specific events.

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    Moods

    Long-lasting, less intense emotional states without direct triggers.

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    Positive Affectivity

    A mood marked by pleasurable engagement, enhancing creativity and cooperation.

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    Negative Affectivity

    A mood characterized by distress that leads to conflict and poor performance.

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    Influence of GMA

    GMA predicts job performance better with complex job demands.

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    Emotional Intelligence (EI)

    The ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions effectively.

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    Emotion Perception

    The ability to identify emotions in oneself and others accurately.

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    Emotion Understanding

    The ability to process and make sense of perceived emotions.

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    Emotion Regulation

    The ability to influence which emotions are felt and how they are expressed.

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    Positive Mood Maintenance

    Sustaining a positive mood enhances leadership perception and optimism.

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    Emotional Future Prediction

    Using current emotions to inform future emotional decisions.

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    Job Satisfaction

    A global assessment of all aspects of someone’s work role.

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    Affective Commitment

    Emotional attachment of employees to their organization.

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    Normative Commitment

    A desire to stay with the organization due to feelings of obligation.

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    Continuance Commitment

    Desire to stay because leaving would be costly.

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    Job Attitudes

    Evaluations of feelings about the job and workplace events.

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    Predicting Emotional Future

    The ability to anticipate future emotions based on current feelings.

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    Getting in the Right Mood

    The practice of achieving a positive emotional state for better performance.

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    Organizational Cynicism

    An attitude of contempt and distrust towards an organization, reflecting a loss of faith in management.

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    Managing Cynicism

    Strategies to address organizational cynicism, including communication and involvement in changes.

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    Self-awareness

    The ability to accurately assess one's own behaviors and skills, often flawed in individuals.

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    Dunning-Kruger Effect

    A cognitive bias where people with low ability overestimate their skills; competent individuals are better at self-assessment.

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    Feedback Importance

    Feedback is essential for improving self-awareness and should be meaningful and gradual.

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    Study Notes

    Individual Differences

    • People differ in their personality, abilities, emotions, and attitudes.
    • Individual differences play a role in understanding human behavior, impacting job performance, and organizational effectiveness.
    • The interactionist framework suggests that behavior is influenced by both individual predispositions and the environment.
    • Situational strength refers to the degree to which situations pressure individuals to behave in a certain way (e.g., a classroom versus a sales job). Strong situations lead people to respond similarly; weak situations offer more leeway for interpretation.

    Personality

    • Personality refers to relatively enduring ways in which people think, act, and feel.
    • There is no universally "good" or "bad" personality profile.
    • Personality influences behavior. However, not all behavior is caused by personality.
    • There are several dimensions of personality, a notable model being the Big Five (Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism).

    The Big Five

    • Openness to Experience: A tendency to seek out new experiences, reflecting intellect and creativity.
    • Conscientiousness: A tendency to be hardworking, organized, and dependable. This trait is often a strong predictor of job performance across various roles.
    • Extraversion: A tendency to be gregarious, sociable, and assertive. This trait is frequently tied to success in sales roles.
    • Agreeableness: A tendency to be warm, amenable, and cooperative, often correlating positively with customer service performance.
    • Neuroticism: A tendency toward insecurity, anxiety, and nervousness.

    Dark Triad

    • The Dark Triad comprises three traits—Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism.
    • These traits are associated with callous, selfish, and sometimes malevolent behavior in social interactions.
    • High scores on Dark Triad traits are linked with counterproductive workplace behaviors.
    • However, moderate narcissism can predict effective leadership

    Core Self-Evaluations

    • Self-esteem: This is a person's general self-worth.
    • Generalized self-efficacy: This reflects a person's confidence in their ability to perform across various tasks and situations.
    • Locus of control: This refers to the degree to which a person believes they control their life's events.
    • Emotional stability: This encompasses a person’s sense of confidence, security, and positive self-view.

    Emotions and Moods

    • Emotions: Short-lived, intense feelings (e.g., anger, fear) typically reactions to environmental events.
    • Moods: Longer-lasting, less intense feelings (e.g., happiness, sadness) that do not always stem from a specific event.

    Positive and Negative Affectivity

    • Positive affectivity: A general mood characterized by pleasurable engagement with the environment. Linked to increased creativity, cooperation, and reduced work-family conflict.
    • Negative affectivity: A general mood characterized by distress and unpleasant engagement with surroundings. Often associated with counterproductive workplace behaviors, conflict, and decreased job performance.

    Abilities

    • Abilities are stable capacities enabling performance. These differ from skills, which are performed behaviors with consistent results.
    • Abilities can be categorized as cognitive, physical, and emotional.

    Cognitive Ability

    • General Mental Ability (GMA) is a person's capability to learn and acquire cognitive skills (e.g., spatial visualization, mathematical computation).
    • The complexity of a job directly impacts the importance of GMA, as more complex roles often benefit from higher GMA.
    • GMA frequently predicts job success.

    Emotional Intelligence (EI)

    • Emotional intelligence involves accurately identifying emotions and managing them effectively.
    • Key aspects of EI include emotion perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation. Assessing and evaluating one's own emotional awareness is critical.

    Job Attitudes

    • Job attitudes represent appraisals and evaluations of a job encompassing feelings and beliefs about the role and workplace events.
    • Examples:
      • Job satisfaction
      • Organizational commitment
      • Organizational cynicism

    Job Satisfaction

    • A global assessment of one's work role.
    • Only moderately associated with happiness.
    • Predicts job performance, particularly in complex roles.
    • Often associated with increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.

    Organizational Commitment

    • Represents the extent to which employees identify with their organization.
    • Types include affective, normative, and continuance commitment.

    Organizational Cynicism

    • Characterized by contempt, frustration, and distrust toward aspects of the organization.
    • Often, a loss of faith in management's ability to perform effectively.
    • Related to decreases in job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and trust.

    Self-Awareness

    • The skill to accurately assess one's own behaviors and skills.
    • People often have poor self-evaluation.
    • A strong relationship exists between skill proficiency and the ability to accurately judge the skill's degree of proficiency.

    Feedback

    • Feedback is a vital tool for enhancing self-awareness.
    • Crucial to develop self-awareness by pushing beyond comfort zones, obtaining meaningful external feedback, understanding that self-awareness is a process, not an event, and not acting on everything at once simultaneously.

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    Organizational Behavior Chapter 3 Individual Differences PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores individual differences in personality, abilities, and emotional responses. Understand how these factors influence human behavior, job performance, and organizational effectiveness. Delve into the interactionist framework and the Big Five personality traits.

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