Indirect Speech

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Questions and Answers

In indirect speech, the words of the speaker are not enclosed in ______ or quotation marks.

inverted commas

The conjunction '______' is commonly used to connect the reporting verb and reported speech in indirect speech.

that

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, a change is typically made in the ______ of the reported speech.

tense

The ______ of reported speech may change according to the subject or object of the reporting verb when converting to indirect speech.

<p>pronoun</p> Signup and view all the answers

In indirect speech, if time is mentioned in the direct speech, it often undergoes a change, such as 'now' becoming '______'.

<p>then</p> Signup and view all the answers

In converting direct speech to indirect speech, the reporting verb indicates the ______ in which someone's statement is being conveyed.

<p>context</p> Signup and view all the answers

When transforming direct speech into indirect speech, modifications to time expressions like 'tomorrow' to 'the ______' are necessary to maintain accuracy.

<p>next day</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, 'yesterday' often changes to 'the ______' to maintain temporal accuracy.

<p>previous day</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, the future simple tense, where 'will' is used, changes into '______' when converting direct speech to indirect speech.

<p>would</p> Signup and view all the answers

When reporting a future continuous action, such as 'I will be waiting,' the indirect speech form uses 'would be' followed by the '______' form of the verb.

<p>present participle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The future perfect tense in direct speech, which uses 'will have' followed by the past participle, transitions to '______' followed by the past participle in reported speech.

<p>would have</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting a direct question into indirect speech, the verb 'say' or 'tell' is typically replaced with '______' or 'inquire'.

<p>ask</p> Signup and view all the answers

In transforming direct questions into indirect speech, the interrogative structure is changed to '______' form.

<p>assertive</p> Signup and view all the answers

When reporting questions that can be answered with 'yes' or 'no', the conjunction '______' is not used, unlike in positive sentences.

<p>that</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, questions that begin with interrogative pronouns such as 'what', 'why', or 'how' require a '______' in the indirect form to convey their meaning.

<p>detailed answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, all commas and '______' are removed from the sentence.

<p>inverted commas</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, the pronoun 'I' changes to '______' or 'She', depending on the context of the sentence.

<p>He</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, if the direct speech includes the word 'here', it typically changes to '______' to reflect the shift in location perspective from the original speaker to the reporter.

<p>there</p> Signup and view all the answers

When transforming direct speech into indirect speech, 'today' becomes '______', indicating a temporal shift from the speaker's present to a past reference point in the reported statement.

<p>that day</p> Signup and view all the answers

In converting direct speech to indirect speech, a statement in the Present Perfect Tense transitions into the '______'.

<p>Past Perfect Tense</p> Signup and view all the answers

When switching from direct to indirect narration, the Past Simple Tense evolves into the '______' to precisely illustrate the sequence of actions.

<p>Past Perfect Tense</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, the Future Simple Tense, often indicated by 'will', changes to '______'.

<p>would</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the transformation from direct to indirect speech, the expression 'next week' is altered to '______'.

<p>the following week</p> Signup and view all the answers

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, 'This morning' generally changes to '______', reflecting the shift in temporal perspective.

<p>That morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, direct speech in the present perfect progressive tense changes into ______ perfect progressive tense.

<p>past</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to reported speech, the present progressive tense shifts to the ______ progressive tense.

<p>past</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, a direct statement in the present perfect tense is transformed into the ______ perfect tense.

<p>past</p> Signup and view all the answers

When changing direct speech into reported speech, a past progressive tense becomes ______ perfect progressive.

<p>past</p> Signup and view all the answers

A past simple tense statement in direct speech changes into ______ when converted to reported speech.

<p>past perfect</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reported speech, the tense that remains unchanged when converting from direct speech is the ______ perfect.

<p>past</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, the sentence 'They said, “We have been living in America since 2013”' becomes 'They said that they ______ been living in America since 2013'.

<p>had</p> Signup and view all the answers

After converting direct speech to reported speech, the sentence 'He said, “I was writing a poem”' transforms into 'He said that he ______ writing a poem'.

<p>had been</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, imperative sentences conveying a command, request, advice, or suggestion use specific verbs like requested, ordered, advised, forbade, or suggested to replace the reporting verbs such as said or told and the conjunction '______' is used.

<p>to</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, present modals like can and may typically change into past modals, exemplified by 'can' transforming into '______' in sentences such as 'He said, I can sing a song' becoming 'He said that he could sing a song'.

<p>could</p> Signup and view all the answers

When reporting speech, the modal verb 'may' often transforms into '______' in indirect speech, indicating a shift in possibility or permission from the original statement.

<p>might</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some modals, such as should, might, could, would and ought to, remain unchanged when converting from direct to '______' speech.

<p>indirect</p> Signup and view all the answers

In indirect speech, if the direct speech contains the modal verb 'must' expressing a strong obligation or necessity, it typically '______' change.

<p>doesn't</p> Signup and view all the answers

In transforming direct speech into indirect speech with imperative sentences, verbs such as "said" or "told" are replaced by verbs that express a command, request, advice, or suggestion. One such verb that conveys a prohibition is '______'.

<p>forbade</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct speech into indirect speech for imperative sentences, the reporting verb 'said' can be replaced by 'requested' to indicate a polite solicitation, connecting the reported clause with the infinitive marker '______'.

<p>to</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the transformation from direct to indirect speech, present modals such as 'can' are converted into their past form, '______', to reflect the change in tense and perspective.

<p>could</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting direct questions that cannot be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no' into indirect speech, the question is transformed into an ______ form and placed after the reporting verb.

<p>assertive</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reported speech, for direct questions answerable by 'yes' or 'no', the words 'if' or '______' are used to introduce the reported question.

<p>whether</p> Signup and view all the answers

In transforming direct speech into indirect speech, questions like 'What are you doing?' become 'He asked me what I ______ doing,' demonstrating a change in verb tense and structure.

<p>was</p> Signup and view all the answers

Converting 'They said to me, “Where have you gone?”' into indirect speech results in 'They asked me where I ______ gone,' illustrating how past perfect tense is often used.

<p>had</p> Signup and view all the answers

When reporting the question 'She said, “Who was that fantastic man?”' indirectly, it becomes 'She asked me who that fantastic man ______ been,' requiring attention to verb tense and pronoun usage.

<p>had</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imperative sentences, which express commands, requests, advice, or suggestions, undergo a transformation in indirect speech that often involves changing the verb into an ______.

<p>infinitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

In converting the direct question 'How will you help me?' into indirect speech, one must consider the shift in ______ to accurately reflect who is being referred to in the reported statement.

<p>pronouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, the tense of the verb usually shifts to accommodate the change in perspective and time frame. This shift is known as the ______ of tenses.

<p>backshift</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Indirect Speech: Quotation Marks

Words spoken are presented without quotation marks.

Indirect Speech: "That"

It joins the reporting verb and reported speech.

Indirect Speech: Tense

Tense changes when converting direct to indirect speech.

Indirect Speech: Pronoun Change

Pronouns may change based on the subject or object.

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Indirect Speech: Time Change

Time references like 'now' and 'today' often change.

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Direct to Indirect: Example

Direct: "I am happy." Indirect: He said that he was happy.

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Direct to Indirect: Time Example

Direct: "I need help now." Indirect: He said he needed help then.

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Indirect Speech: Tense Shift

Changes the verb tense in the reported speech to reflect a past perspective.

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Pronoun change: 'I'

In reported speech, 'I' changes to 'He/She'.

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Pronoun change: 'We'

In reported speech, 'we' changes to 'they'.

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Place change: 'Here'

In reported speech, 'here' changes to 'there'.

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Time change: 'Today'

In reported speech, 'today' changes to 'that day'.

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Tense shift: Simple Present

In reported speech, Present Simple changes to Past Simple.

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Tense shift: Present Progressive

In reported speech, Present Progressive changes to Past Progressive.

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Tense shift: Present Perfect

In reported speech, Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect.

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Tense shift: Past Simple

In reported speech, Past Simple changes to Past Perfect.

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Changes to PAST PROGRESSIVE in reported speech.

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PRESENT PERFECT

Changes to PAST PERFECT in reported speech.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Changes to PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE in reported speech.

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PAST SIMPLE

Changes to PAST PERFECT in reported speech.

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PAST PROGRESSIVE

Changes to PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE in reported speech.

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PAST PERFECT

Remains the same in reported speech (no change in tense).

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Direct Speech

Direct speech reports the exact words someone used.

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Reported Speech

Reported speech relays what someone said, but doesn't use their exact words. Tense, pronouns and time references often change.

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Future Simple: will → ?

In reported speech, 'will' changes to 'would'.

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Future Continuous: will be → ?

In reported speech, 'will be' changes to 'would be'.

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Future Perfect: will have → ?

In reported speech, 'will have' changes to 'would have'.

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Reported Speech: Question Sentences

Used to convert direct questions into indirect form.

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Reported Speech: Punctuation

Remove comma and inverted commas.

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Reported Speech: Conjunction 'That'

Do not use 'that' in question sentences.

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Reported Speech: Question to Statement

Change the question into a positive statement.

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Reported Speech: Verbs

'Say' or 'tell' changes to 'ask' or 'inquire'.

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Yes/No Question

A question answerable by 'yes' or 'no'.

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Reporting Yes/No Questions

In reported speech, 'if' or 'whether' introduce the reported question.

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Open-Ended Question

A question requiring more than a 'yes' or 'no' answer.

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Reporting Open-Ended Questions

Report the question directly without 'if' or 'whether'. Maintain the question word.

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Assertive Form in Indirect Speech

Changing the original question into a statement within the reported speech.

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Imperative Sentence

Expresses a command, request, advice, or suggestion.

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Question to Statement

Convert direct questions into statements.

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Reporting Verb Replacements

Verbs like 'requested,' 'ordered,' 'advised,' or 'suggested' used in indirect speech for imperative sentences.

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Imperative Sentence Conjunction

The word 'to' used to connect the reporting verb and the reported speech in indirect imperative sentences.

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Modal Verb Changes

'Can' changes to 'could'. 'May' changes to 'might'. 'Must' often stays the same.

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Unchanged modals

Modals such as should, might, could, would and ought to do not change in Indirect Speech.

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Indirect Request Example

She requested me to help her.

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Indirect Advice example

Doctor advised him to avoid unhealthy food.

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'Can' to 'Could' example

He said that he could sing a song.

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Study Notes

  • Direct and Indirect Speech rules are covered
  • Study notes on English Grammar

Basic Rules for Indirect Speech

  • Words of the speaker (reported speech) aren't in inverted commas/quotation marks in indirect speech.
  • The conjunction "that" follows the reporting verb and precedes the reported speech.
  • Example: Direct: "I write a letter." Indirect: He said that he wrote a letter.
  • In reported speech, tense is modified when changing direct speech to indirect speech.
  • Example: Direct: "I am watching a movie." Indirect: She said that she was watching a movie.
  • Pronouns in reported speech sometimes change according to the subject/object of the reporting verb.
  • Possessive pronouns (his, her, my, their, your, etc.) may also change based on the subject/object.
  • Direct: "I eat two apples." Indirect: He said that he ate two apples.
  • Time references change in indirect speech such as now becomes then, today becomes that day, yesterday becomes the previous day.
  • Direct: "I am buying a laptop today." Indirect: She said that she was buying a laptop that day.

Pronoun Changes

  • I changes to He/She
  • We changes to They
  • My changes to His/Her
  • Your changes to My
  • Our changes to Their
  • Me changes to Him/Her
  • Us changes to Them

Place and time changes

  • Here changes to There
  • Today changes to That day
  • Now changes to Then
  • This changes to That
  • These changes to Those
  • Thus changes to So
  • This morning changes to That morning
  • Yesterday changes to The day before
  • Tomorrow changes to The next day
  • Next week changes to The following week
  • Next month changes to The following month

Tense Changes

  • Present Simple changes to Past Simple
  • Present Progressive changes to Past Progressive
  • Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect
  • Present Perfect Progressive changes to Past Perfect Progressive
  • Past Simple changes to Past Perfect
  • Past Progressive changes to Perfect Continuous
  • Past Perfect Tense remains unchanged
  • Past Perfect Progressive Tense remains unchanged
  • Future Simple Tense (will) changes to “would”
  • Future Progressive Tense changes to “would be"
  • Future Perfect Tense (will have) changes to "would have"
  • Future Perfect Progressive Tense (will have been) changes to “would have been"

Rules for Affirmative/Positive Sentences

  • Focuses on present and past tenses
  • Also covers future tenses with ‘will’
  • Present Simple changes to Past Simple: Example: "I work in a hospital" to She said that she worked in a hospital.
  • Present Progressive changes to Past Progressive: Example: "I am waiting for someone" to He said that he was waiting for someone.
  • Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect: Example: "I have completed the work" to She said that she had completed the work.
  • Present Perfect Progressive changes to Past Perfect Progressive: Example: “I have been working in a factory for two years" to She said that she had been working in a factory for two years.
  • Past Simple changes to Past Perfect: Example: "I started a Job" to He said that he had started a job.
  • Past Progressive changes to Past Perfect Progressive: Example: “I was writing a poem" to He said that he had been writing a poem.
  • Past Perfect remains unchanged such as "We had won the game" does not change in the indirect form -Future Simple Tense changes to WOULD such as "I will go to London” becomes She said that she would go to London".
  • Future Continuous Tense changes to WOULD BE such as "I will be waiting for you" becomes He said to me that he would be waiting for me
  • Future Perfect Tense changes to WOULD HAVE such as "I will have cooked the food" becomes She said that she would have cooked the food.

Rules for Interrogative/Question Sentences

  • Commas and inverted commas are removed.
  • The conjunction "that" is not used.
  • The question transforms into an assertive (positive) form.
  • Question marks aren't used.
  • Verbs like 'say' or 'tell' replaced by 'ask' or 'inquire'.
  • Questions answered with "YES" or "NO" use "if" or "whether".
  • Direct: “Do you like coffee?" Indirect: David asked me if I liked coffee.
  • Questions needing detailed answers don't use "if" or "whether".
  • The question is changed into assertive(positive) form and follows the reporting verb.
  • Direct: "What are you doing?" Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.

Imperative Sentences in Indirect Speech

  • Expresses a command, request, advice, or suggestion
  • Verbs (said, told) are replaced with requested, ordered, advised, etc.
  • The conjunction "to" is used.
  • Direct: "Please help me". Indirect: She requested me to help her.

Modals in Indirect Speech

  • Present Modals (Must, Can, May) change into Past Modals (Could, Might, Had to).
  • CAN changes into COULD, MAY changes into MIGHT
  • MUST does not change.
  • Modals like Should, Might, Could, Would and Ought remain unchanged.

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