Reported Speech in English: Indirect Statements and Verb Tense Changes

Study Notes

Reported Speech in English

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a grammatical construction used to report what someone has said without directly quoting them. It's a formal way of conveying information conveyed by another person, often using past tense verbs regardless of when the communication took place. This type of reporting can be useful when recounting events or conversations from memory or when summarizing information for others.

Indirect Statements

When reporting something someone else has said, it's common to use indirect statements. These involve changing the original sentence structure and adding auxiliary verbs such as "say," "tell," "believe," or "ask." For example, instead of saying "He told me he would come tomorrow," you might say "I was told that he would come tomorrow."

Here's how these changes are typically made when moving from direct to indirect speech:

Personal pronouns change to third person forms to reflect the speaker or listener being referred to in the indirect speech report.
Present tenses become past tenses to indicate that the reported event or conversation occurred at some time in the past.
Direct quotations are replaced with indirect quotations introduced by 'that,' 'what,' etc., following the main clause.
The original sentence structure may be changed, resulting in additional prepositional phrases, conjunctions, and other grammatical adjustments.

Changes in Verb Tense

As mentioned earlier, one of the most noticeable changes when shifting from direct to indirect speech is alterations in verb tense. In general, all verbs in indirect speech should be expressed in their base form (also called infinitive) plus any necessary auxiliaries to make them grammatically correct.

For instance, if the sentence is direct speech like "She says she will go there," the indirect version would be "She said that she would go there." Note the change from present continuous to simple future tense. Similarly, if someone exclaims, "What is this?" in direct speech, the indirect version could be "They asked what this was." Here, the interrogative word order is preserved, but the tense of the auxiliary verb shifts from present to past due to its position after the subject.

Reported Questions

In addition to reported statements, reported questions play a significant role in reported speech. When reporting a question, the auxiliary verb used depends on whether the question is direct or indirect. If it is a direct question, the auxiliary verb is usually the same as the one used in the direct statement. However, if it is an indirect question, the auxiliary verb used tends to vary depending on the context.

For example, if the direct question is "Would you like some tea?", its indirect counterpart might be "He/She asked if I wanted some tea." Notice here how the auxiliary verb "would" changes to "asked." On the other hand, the indirect question "Have you ever been to Europe before?" would appear as "She/he asked if I had ever visited Europe before" where "had ever" is used as the auxiliary verb.

Conclusion

Understanding and effectively employing reported speech techniques helps us accurately convey messages while maintaining the tone and content of the original communication. While it's more complex than direct speech, mastering reported speech can enhance our ability to communicate precisely, making the process less ambiguous, especially during discussions about sensitive matters, dialogues across cultures, and interpreting legal documents.

Description

Learn about reported speech, also known as indirect speech, and how to convey information accurately without quoting directly. Understand the changes in verb tense from direct to indirect speech and how to report statements and questions in English.