Indigenous People in Canadian Justice System

<p>The effectiveness of the restorative justice system in addressing Indigenous overrepresentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic racism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower rates of incarceration for violent offences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sixties Scoop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prioritize the rehabilitation of all offenders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic Discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1996 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Office of the Correctional Investigator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower rates of poverty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>34 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lodge was designed to treat her specific needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slavery was a significant institution in Canada, and it is important to recognize its impact on the country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The public perception of McClintic's crime as heinous and unforgivable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disproportionate incarceration rates of Black Canadians indicate a systemic issue of racism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of institutions including prisons, immigration courts, and schools, that enforce punitive measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black prisoners account for 9.3% of the total federal prison population, while making up 2.9% of the Canadian population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of research at the Federal level and a lack of public data released by the Canadian government regarding Black individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black women over 15 years old constitute 3.1% of the Canadian population, but represent 9.12% of federally incarcerated women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The experience of Black women in the justice system is less studied and understood compared to other groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abolition focuses on dismantling all systems of incarceration, while reformation aims to improve existing systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prisons are seen as necessary to protect society from dangerous individuals and prevent future crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gladue principles only apply to Indigenous people living on reserves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide Indigenous women with culturally relevant programming focused on healing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The court clarified and emphasized the need for judges to consider alternatives to incarceration for Indigenous offenders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of access to culturally relevant programs and services for Indigenous offenders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing culturally sensitive and trauma-informed programming for Indigenous women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fail to recognize the distinct experiences and needs of Indigenous women across different regions of Canada. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of past trauma and colonization on Indigenous people, passed down through generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Healing Lodge offers a wider range of programs and services, including culturally relevant programming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It required judges to consider the unique circumstances of Indigenous offenders when sentencing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helping Indigenous women reconnect with their cultural heritage and identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The over-policing of racialized communities leads to a disproportionate increase in their incarceration rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embedded practices of exclusion that target them as 'undesirable' within the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the persistence of racial discrimination in Canada, even after the official end of segregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of incarceration as a tool for social control, particularly targeting racialized communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both practices aimed at assimilating Indigenous populations through forced removal and social control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a systemic practice where race or ethnicity is used as a primary basis for suspicion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exemplifies a common justification for racial profiling, which reinforces the idea of certain communities as inherently criminal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial profiling is a self-fulfilling prophecy that creates a cycle of suspicion and criminalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to a sense of fear and anxiety, causing Black individuals to experience PTSD and alienation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to a unique form of racism directed towards Black Canadians with specific implications for their social and economic well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous women accounted for 49% of female admissions to federal custody in Canada.

A landmark Supreme Court case addressing the rights of Indigenous offenders in Canada.

The practice of disproportionately targeting specific racial groups for incarceration.

Historical and systemic impacts of slavery that continue to affect racialized communities today.

The unique challenges and systemic issues faced by Black women in law enforcement interactions.

Legal guidelines aimed at addressing the unique circumstances of Indigenous offenders in Canada.

Case of Terri-Lynn McClintic, who was sentenced for the murder of Tori Stafford and faced public backlash after a facility transfer.

The forced transport of enslaved African people to North America for labor, particularly in Nova Scotia.

The portrayal and dehumanization of Black women during slavery, viewed as hypersexual and undesirable.

Ongoing consequences of historical slavery, including disparities in health, income, and rights for Black individuals.

Domination of one group over another, affecting culture and identity.

Indigenous children taken from families and placed with White families.

Inequalities created by institution policies affecting racial groups.

Policies that disadvantage people of color perpetuating racial inequalities.

When Indigenous peoples account for higher incarceration rates than non-Indigenous.

Higher rates of trauma, including intergenerational trauma in Indigenous peoples.

Rates of incarceration for Indigenous women increased significantly between 1998-2018.

1996 reforms introducing a purpose for sentencing in Canada.

To protect society and maintain justice through appropriate sanctions.

Criminalized Indigenous individuals face unique challenges including poverty and health issues.

Cree woman accused of second-degree murder, sentenced to manslaughter.

2012 case revisiting and clarifying Gladue principles.

Provision requiring consideration of Indigenous circumstances in sentencing.

Facility aimed at healing and addressing issues for Indigenous women offenders.

First holistic Indigenous correctional program introduced in 2010.

Criticism of programs that do not reflect Indigenous knowledge or needs.

Impact of historical trauma on Indigenous communities across generations.

Higher rates of Indigenous peoples in Canadian jails compared to their population.

Limited access to culturally relevant programming for Indigenous offenders.

The enduring impact of racism on Black Canadians' lives, often ignored despite evidence.

Policy implemented by Prime Minister Laurier to ban Black immigration to Canada.

Punitive state power using surveillance, detention, and removal through various institutions.

Black prisoners are 9.3% of federal prisoners, but only 2.9% of Canada's population.

Black women represent 9.12% of federally incarcerated women despite being 3.1% of the population.

Abolition is dismantling incarceration systems, while reformation seeks to change them.

Majority (78%) of federally incarcerated women serve time here in Canada.

Abolitionism advocates for healing, accountability, and restorative justice instead of prisons.

Lack of focus on Black and racialized women in criminology studies.

A framework analyzing how various social identities intersect to impact individuals' experiences.

Civil rights activist who resisted racial segregation in Canada by refusing to move in a theater.

A discriminatory practice where certain areas are marked to deny loans based on racial demographics.

Legislation that banned discriminatory housing practices like redlining in the U.S.

Increased rates of imprisonment, especially among BIPOC, despite declining crime rates.

The practice where law enforcement targets individuals based on their racial or ethnic background.

Negative mental health impacts like PTSD and anxiety from over-policing and profiling.

Racism specifically targeting Black Canadians affecting various social determinants.