Indian Nationalism, Swadeshi Movement & Partition of Bengal

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Questions and Answers

What was Bal Gangadhar Tilak's primary argument regarding the attainment of swaraj?

  • Petitioning the government with peaceful demonstrations and appeals.
  • People must fight for swaraj using their own strength and determination. (correct)
  • Relying on the government's benevolence and good intentions.
  • Cooperation with the British government to achieve gradual reforms.

What slogan did Tilak raise to inspire the people?

  • "Unity is strength, and we shall negotiate for our rights!"
  • "Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!" (correct)
  • "Peace is paramount, and we shall achieve freedom through non-violence!"
  • "Swaraj is a gift, and we shall be grateful for it!"

What rationale did the British provide for the partition of Bengal in 1905?

  • For reasons of administrative convenience. (correct)
  • To promote Bengali cultural unity and regional harmony.
  • To empower local leaders and foster self-governance.
  • To economically uplift the region and improve infrastructure.

Whose interests were prioritised by the ‘administrative convenience’ that was achieved by partitioning Bengal?

<p>The British officials and businessmen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions were combined when East Bengal was separated during the 1905 partition?

<p>Assam. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political effects did the British likely anticipate from partitioning Bengal?

<p>To curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and split the Bengali people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate reaction to the partition of Bengal across India?

<p>Infuriation and widespread opposition from all sections of the Congress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary method used by the Moderates to develop public awareness against British rule?

<p>Publishing newspapers and articles to highlight the economic impact of British rule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Swadeshi movement known as in deltaic Andhra?

<p>The Vandemataram Movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief did the Moderate leaders hold regarding the British government's response to Indian demands?

<p>The British would eventually accept the just demands of Indians because they respected freedom and justice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criticisms was leveled against the Moderates by leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai?

<p>Their 'politics of prayers' were ineffective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the early Congress leadership is highlighted by Dinshaw Wacha's comment about leaders being preoccupied with personal pursuits?

<p>The leaders' potential neglect of national progress due to prioritization of personal interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift in Indian political thought is evident by the 1890s, as reflected in the emergence of leaders like Bepin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

<p>A move towards more radical objectives and methods, emphasizing self-reliance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Moderates' primary approach to achieving their political objectives?

<p>Using persuasive methods to make the government aware of the feelings of Indians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to publishing newspapers, what other method did the Moderate leaders employ to mobilize public opinion?

<p>Sending representatives to different parts of the country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue regarding the early Congress does Dinshaw Wacha's letter to Naoroji highlight?

<p>The leaders of the congress were distracted by personal interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary expectation of agricultural laborers from Gandhi in their struggle against zamindars?

<p>Provision of land ownership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did peasants in Pratapgarh, United Provinces, attribute the success of stopping illegal evictions to Gandhiji?

<p>They believed Gandhiji's influence was instrumental in their success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest about the methods used by tribals and peasants when invoking Gandhiji's name?

<p>Their actions sometimes contradicted Gandhian ideals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did ordinary people's perception of Gandhiji's role deviate from reality?

<p>They often attributed their own accomplishments to him. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between Gandhiji's ideals and the actions of some peasants and tribals?

<p>They selectively adopted aspects of Gandhian philosophy while pursuing their own objectives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the peasants of Pratapgarh from their attribution of success to Gandhiji?

<p>They deeply respected and revered Gandhiji's influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of Gandhiji's name by tribals and peasants, even in actions conflicting with his ideals, signify about his influence?

<p>His influence was pervasive and strategically employed to further various agendas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common thread links the actions of agricultural laborers, the peasants of Pratapgarh, and unnamed tribals/peasants in relation to Gandhi?

<p>A shared expectation of material benefits or justice attributed to Gandhi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalists consider the salt tax 'sinful'?

<p>Because salt is a vital and essential part of the people's diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Salt March in the broader context of the Indian freedom struggle?

<p>It unified the population by connecting the desire for freedom to a common grievance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mahatma Gandhi symbolically defy British law during the Salt March?

<p>By gathering natural salt and producing salt from seawater in Dandi. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did women's involvement have on the Indian freedom struggle, according to both British officials and Indian nationalists?

<p>It added considerable strength to the national struggle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key personal benefits that women gained from participating in the Indian freedom movement?

<p>Access to professions, governance roles, and a potential path to equality with men. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activities did Ambabai undertake during her involvement in the Indian freedom struggle?

<p>She picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops, served prison sentences, and organized community activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ambabai, why did she regard her time in the freedom movement as the happiest days of her life?

<p>Because she found a new sense of purpose and commitment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides external opposition, what internal challenge did women face concerning their participation in the Indian freedom movement?

<p>They had to fight for their right to participate in the movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the Khilafat Movement, which aligned with Mahatma Gandhi's call for Non-Cooperation?

<p>To ensure the Turkish Khalifa retained control over Muslim sacred places. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies the Non-Cooperation Movement's strategy of protesting British rule in India?

<p>Boycotting British titles, legislatures, and foreign goods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did prominent Indian lawyers demonstrate their support for the Non-Cooperation Movement?

<p>By giving up their legal practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mahatma Gandhi perceive 'ahimsa' (non-violence) as a tool for social and political change?

<p>As actively doing good and accepting suffering to undo wrong and injustice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the phrase “Punjab wrongs” in the context of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

<p>It alluded to the Jallianwala massacre and other injustices in Punjab. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action taken by individuals during the Non-Cooperation Movement best symbolizes a rejection of British authority and values?

<p>Lighting public bonfires of foreign cloth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the Jallianwala massacre, what other major grievance motivated the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

<p>The British government’s treatment of the Turkish Khalifa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gandhi, what is the 'eternal law of suffering' and how does it relate to non-violence?

<p>It means accepting suffering as a means to undo wrong and injustice; a form of non-violent resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate reaction of the British government to the localized establishment of independent governments by the people?

<p>Severe repression, including mass arrests and violent suppression, was employed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the core demand made by the Muslim League in its 1940 resolution?

<p>The establishment of 'Independent States' for Muslims in the north-western and eastern regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Muslim League advocate for an autonomous arrangement for Muslims in the subcontinent?

<p>To safeguard Muslim interests and cultural identity within a framework that provided them regional control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the widespread rebellion against British rule ultimately have on the Raj?

<p>It weakened the authority of The Raj. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Jawaharlal Nehru play in the Indian independence movement and the shaping of India?

<p>He was a leading architect of the national movement and of free India’s economy and polity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of Maulana Azad's background?

<p>Azad was born in Mecca to a Bengali father and an Arab mother. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies the severe repression employed by the British in response to the rise of independent governments?

<p>Machine-gunning crowds from airplanes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the fact that the Muslim League's resolution did not explicitly mention partition or Pakistan in 1940?

<p>The League's focus was primarily on securing regional autonomy and protections for Muslims within the subcontinent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dinshaw Wacha

A leader of the early Indian National Congress who emphasized educated elite representation.

Moderate Leaders

Leaders in the Congress who advocated for gradual reform through awareness and dialogue.

Public Awareness

The goal of Moderate leaders to inform people about the injustices of British rule.

Economic Ruin

The negative impact of British rule on India's economy as highlighted by the Moderates.

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Self-Reliance

Emphasized by radical leaders as essential for India's progress.

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Radical Objectives

More confrontational goals sought by leaders like Tilak and Rai in the 1890s.

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Politics of Prayers

A term used to criticize moderate methods of appealing to British for reform.

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Mobilise Public Opinion

The process of encouraging citizens to express their feelings against British rule.

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Swaraj

The concept of self-rule and independence promoted by leaders like Tilak.

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Tilak's slogan

Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!

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Partition of Bengal

The 1905 division of Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal by the British.

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British motives

Reasons for the partition, mainly to control Bengali influence.

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Swadeshi Movement

A movement for self-reliance and opposition against British goods.

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Mass protest methods

Organized public meetings and demonstrations opposing British rule.

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Kesari

A Marathi newspaper edited by Tilak promoting nationalist ideas.

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Vandemataram Movement

Movement in Andhra inspired by the Swadeshi Movement.

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Zamindars

Landlords who held significant power over agricultural land and tenants.

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Peasants of Pratapgarh

Farmers in the United Provinces who protested against eviction using Gandhiji's influence.

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Gandhiji's Influence

The impact of Gandhi's ideals that empowered people in their struggles against injustice.

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Illegal Eviction

The unlawful removal of tenants from land, often contested by peasants.

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Gandhian Ideals

The principles of non-violence and truth advocated by Gandhi in his movement.

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Actions by Tribals and Peasants

Efforts undertaken by local communities, sometimes misaligned with Gandhian principles.

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Tenants' Rights

Entitlements of agricultural tenants to fair treatment and protection from eviction.

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Collective Achievement

The shared success of ordinary people credited to a prominent leader like Gandhi.

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Khilafat Agitation

A movement initiated by Indian Muslims against the British treatment of the Ottoman Khalifa after World War I.

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Non-Cooperation Movement

A mass protest against British rule, encouraging Indians to withdraw from British institutions and goods.

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Ahimsa

A principle of non-violence emphasized by Gandhi, meaning to do good without expecting anything in return.

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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

A tragic event in 1919 where British troops killed hundreds of Indian demonstrators, sparking outrage.

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Motilal Nehru

An influential leader in the Indian independence movement who played a key role in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Public Bonfires

The act of burning foreign goods to protest against British rule, symbolizing rejection of British imports.

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Punjab Wrong

Refers to the injustices faced during events like the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which Gandhi campaigned against.

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British Repression

The severe response of British authorities to suppress uprisings in India.

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1943 Arrests

Over 90,000 people were arrested in India due to protests against British rule.

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Machine-Gun Crowds

Orders given to fire machine guns at crowds from airplanes during uprisings.

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Muslim League Resolution

In 1940, the Muslim League demanded autonomous states for Muslims without mentioning partition.

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Jawaharlal Nehru

A leading figure in the Indian Congress and key architect of modern India.

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Independence and Partition

The struggle for Indian independence ultimately led to the division into India and Pakistan.

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Maulana Azad

A prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and member of the Congress Working Committee.

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Congress Working Committee

A key body within the Indian National Congress responsible for policy decisions.

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Salt March

A nonviolent protest led by Gandhi against the tax on salt in 1930.

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Gandhi's Philosophy

Promoted nonviolence and civil disobedience as means for political change.

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Role of Women

Women from various backgrounds significantly contributed to India's freedom struggle.

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Ambabai

A prominent woman activist from Karnataka who fought for India's independence.

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Dandi

The coastal town where Gandhi broke the salt law during the Salt March.

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Civil Disobedience

The act of deliberately disobeying certain laws as a form of protest.

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Picketing

To protest by standing or marching near a place, often to disrupt business.

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Women's Empowerment

Gained importance during the freedom struggle, leading to more rights and roles for women.

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Study Notes

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947

  • The British conquered territories and took over kingdoms
  • New laws and administrative institutions were introduced
  • Lives of peasants and tribals changed significantly
  • Educational changes occurred in the 19th century
  • Debates regarding the condition of women intensified
  • Challenges to the caste system emerged
  • Social and religious reforms took place
  • The 1857 revolt and its aftermath influenced the movement
  • Crafts declined and industries grew
  • The question of discontent with British rule and differing dissatisfactions among groups and classes was raised

The Emergence of Nationalism

  • The question of what India is and who it belongs to emerged
  • The people of India, regardless of class, color, caste, creed, language, or gender.
  • India's resources and systems are for all the people
  • The British controlled India's resources and people's lives, and this needed to end for India to be for Indians, and for the Indians
  • Post-1850, political associations arose, particularly in the 1870s and 1880s
  • These associations were led by English-educated professionals, notably lawyers
  • Important examples include the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha, and the Bombay Presidency Association, and the Indian National Congress

The Emergence of Mass Nationalism

  • From 1919, the Indian struggle against British rule gradually become a mass movement.
  • Peasants, tribals, students, and women participated, and occasionally factory workers did too. Various business groups also supported the Congress, particularly in the 1920s
  • The rise in war expenditure, taxes on individuals and businesses fuelled this movement significantly
  • Increased war demands led to increased prices, which was a crucial factor

The Rise of Revolutionary Violence

  • Violence was used as a method to effect change
  • The use of violence to radically change society

The Rowlatt Satyagraha

  • A satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 was called for by Mahatma Gandhi
  • This act curbs fundamental rights and strengthens police powers
  • The Act was criticized as tyrannical, and people were urged to actively oppose it

The Non-cooperation Movement

  • Launched in 1920-22, led by Mahatma Gandhi, this movement included withdrawing from schools and colleges, boycotting British goods, and abandoning government jobs
  • This movement gained immense momentum as a result

The March to Dandi

  • A significant event in the growth of the Indian freedom movement, leading to the Indian Independence movement
  • Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched 240 miles to Dandi
  • They gathered natural salt, thus challenging British rule and defying the salt law

The Rise of Bose and INA

  • Subhas Chandra Bose's role and the establishment of the Azad Hind Fauj were crucial
  • INA attempted to liberate India from British rule through military means
  • This movement, though failing, significantly contributed to the nationalist spirit

The Formation of Provinces

  • The 1935 Government of India Act provided provincial autonomy
  • Elections to provincial legislatures were held in 1937
  • Congress formed governments in seven provinces

The Rise of Mass Movements and the Road to Independence

  • The Second World War occurred in 1939.
  • Congress ministries resigned from the provincial governments in protest as they wished independence in return for the war efforts.
  • The British government refused to consider their requests

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