Indian Nationalism and Satyagraha Movement

The movement for Indian independence from British rule, characterized by a blend of peaceful resistance and active political action.

A concept that emerged during the Indian independence movement, representing the desire for self-governance and unity among Indians.

A non-violent method of resistance spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing truth and non-violence as crucial to achieving change.

A controversial law passed by the British government in 1919, granting extensive powers to suppress political dissent and arrest individuals without trial.

A pivotal event in 1919, marked by the massacre of peaceful protesters by British forces in Amritsar, sparking widespread outrage and fueling the nationalist movement.

A significant movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, urging Indians to boycott British goods and institutions to protest against repressive policies.

A nationwide campaign of civil disobedience launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 to challenge the British salt tax and highlight the injustice of colonial rule.

The Indian National Congress, a political party that emerged in the late 19th century, played a central role in mobilizing and leading the nationalist movement.

A peaceful procession in Amritsar on April 10th, 1919, that was met with police firing, leading to widespread unrest and violence.

A British military officer who ordered the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919.

A movement within the Non-Cooperation Movement, initiated in support of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) after the First World War, aiming to protect the Caliphate.

A term referring to self-rule or independence. It became a key demand of the Indian nationalist movement leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

A strategy employed by Mahatma Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement, involving boycotting institutions and goods connected with the British administration, including schools, courts, and foreign goods.

The process of withdrawing support and cooperation with the British government, a key strategy employed by the Indian nationalist movement leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

A group of farmers and laborers who had been exploited by British authorities, especially landlords, fought for better treatment and fair policies through protests and revolts.

The peaceful movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920-22, aimed at achieving Swaraj (self-rule) through non-violent means, like boycotting British goods, institutions, and titles.

A rebellion in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who claimed divine powers, motivated by the exploitation of the local population and the loss of their livelihood.

The movement of plantation workers, mainly in Assam, demanding the right to move freely and maintain connections with their villages, which were restricted by British policies.

The withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 due to concerns about increasing violence and a shift in strategy by some leaders towards participating in elections.

A political party formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru in 1923, focusing on participating in provincial councils and gaining experience in governance.

A commission established by the British government to investigate the functioning of the Indian constitutional system and propose changes in the late 1920s.

The demand for complete self-governance and freedom from British rule in India, declared by the Indian National Congress in 1929.

A nonviolent protest against the British salt tax, symbolized by Mahatma Gandhi's march to Dandi in 1930, igniting nationwide civil disobedience.

Gandhi's agreement with the British Viceroy Irwin in 1931, where Gandhi agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in London, in exchange for some concessions.

Communities that participated actively in the Civil Disobedience Movement, showing strong support for independence, but some were later disappointed with the movement's outcomes.

A group of individuals advocating for radical social and economic change, often participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement through different forms of protests.

The temporary halt of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931 due to Gandhi's agreement with the British Viceroy, led to some disillusionment among participants.

The image of Bharat Mata, representing India as a mother figure, emerged in the 20th century as a symbol of national identity. This image, often depicted as a serene and divine figure, captured the spirit of Indian nationalism.

During the late 19th century, Indian nationalists embarked on a mission to preserve and revive indigenous folk traditions. They traveled to villages, documenting folk tales and songs, contributing to the growing cultural and national consciousness.

The Swadeshi movement in Bengal saw a tricolour flag designed with eight lotuses to represent the eight provinces of British India. This flag also incorporated a crescent moon, symbolizing the unity of Hindus and Muslims within the national framework.

In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi introduced the Swaraj flag, a tricolor of red, green, and white, featuring a spinning wheel in the center. This flag represented his vision of self-reliance and self-governance through the symbol of the spinning wheel.

The Indian independence movement saw a diverse range of groups and classes united in their struggle for freedom. Under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, the Congress aimed to bridge differences and ensure that the aspirations of one group didn't exclude another, fostering national unity and a shared vision of independence.

Business groups in India formed to organize and challenge colonial control. They opposed British economic policies and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.

A significant characteristic of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the widespread participation of women, despite Congress's initial reluctance in granting them leadership roles.

Mahatma Gandhi's term for the Dalit community, emphasizing their importance in achieving Swaraj (self-rule). He organized Satyagraha for Dalits but they sought specific political solutions.

Dalit leader who formed the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He clashed with Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. This led to the Poona Pact.

An agreement reached in 1932 between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, granting reserved seats for Dalits in legislative councils. This marked a compromise on both sides.

This event in 1930 and 1932 involved railway workers and dockers who were on strike, highlighting their participation in promoting anti-colonial sentiment.

After the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement decline, Muslims felt alienated from the Congress, leading to a worsening of Hindu-Muslim relations.

A prominent Muslim leader who was initially open to compromise, but the Hindu Mahasabha's opposition made a resolution at the All Parties Conference in 1928 difficult.