Indian Freedom Struggle

Study Notes

Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Indian Civil Servant
Initial goal: to promote Indian participation in government and social reform
Later became a major platform for Indian independence movement
Notable leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mahatma Gandhi

A group of radical nationalists who believed in armed revolution to achieve independence
Notable figures:
- Bhagat Singh: executed for killing a British police officer, became a martyr and symbol of resistance
- Chandrasekhar Azad: founder of the Hindustan Republican Association, fought against British rule
- Rash Behari Bose: founder of the Indian Independence League, played a key role in the Indian National Army
- Subhas Chandra Bose: leader of the Indian National Army, sought Axis powers' help to fight British

Played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence
Introduced non-violent civil disobedience (Satyagraha) as a means of resistance
Led several movements, including Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India
Focused on swaraj (self-rule), swadeshi (indigenous industries), and Hindu-Muslim unity

Launched by Gandhi on August 8, 1942, with the slogan "Do or Die"
Demanded immediate independence from British rule
Movement involved mass protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience
British responded with arrests, violence, and censorship
Eventually, the movement declined due to internal conflicts and British repression

Launched by Gandhi in response to the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Aimed to boycott British goods, law courts, and government institutions
Involved mass protests, strikes, and civil disobedience
Eventually, the movement was suspended after the Chauri Chaura incident, where protesters turned violent
Despite its suspension, the movement marked a significant shift in India's struggle for independence

Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, initially aimed at increasing Indian participation in governance and advocating for social reforms.
Evolved into a central entity in the fight for Indian independence from British rule.
Key figures included Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mahatma Gandhi, who shaped its direction and strategies.

Comprised radical nationalists advocating for independence through armed revolution.
Bhagat Singh became a martyr after execution for killing a British police officer, symbolizing national resistance.
Chandrasekhar Azad established the Hindustan Republican Association, actively opposing British rule.
Rash Behari Bose founded the Indian Independence League and was pivotal in the Indian National Army's formation.
Subhas Chandra Bose sought assistance from Axis powers to challenge British authority through the Indian National Army.

Central figure in the Indian independence movement, promoting non-violent resistance through Satyagraha.
Led significant campaigns such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.
Advocated for principles like swaraj (self-rule), swadeshi (promotion of indigenous industries), and unity among Hindus and Muslims.

Initiated by Gandhi on August 8, 1942, under the rallying cry "Do or Die," demanding immediate British withdrawal.
Characterized by widespread protests, economic boycotts, and acts of civil disobedience against colonial authorities.
British response involved severe crackdowns, arrests, brutality, and censorship.
Movement waned due to internal disagreements among leaders and increased British repression.

Launched by Gandhi in reaction to injustices like the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Aimed to boycott British goods and institutions, fostering nationalistic pride and self-reliance.
Included widespread protests, strikes, and non-compliance with British laws.
Movement faced suspension after violent events at Chauri Chaura, marking a turning point in the independence struggle despite its end.