Indian Astronomy and Mathematics Contributions

The number that represents the absence of quantity. It was documented in ancient Indian texts around the 5th century CE.

A system of writing numbers where each digit's position determines its value based on powers of ten. It includes zero as a placeholder.

The branch of mathematics that deals with variables, equations, and their solutions. Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to this field.

The study of the relationships between angles and sides of triangles. Indian mathematicians developed important concepts in this area.

A significant advancement in Indian mathematics that allowed for efficient calculations and the representation of large numbers.

Ancient Indian mathematicians, like Aryabhata and Brahmagupta, made groundbreaking contributions to various fields, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Their work significantly influenced the development of mathematics.

Indian mathematicians developed the concept of zero and the decimal system, making significant contributions to algebra and trigonometry. These contributions impacted the development of mathematics worldwide.

Ancient Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to the development of mathematics by introducing concepts like zero and the decimal system. These concepts impacted the development of mathematics globally.

A spherical model representing the universe, used for observing celestial bodies.

A measuring rod used to calculate angles and distances in astronomical observations.

An instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, aiding navigation and timekeeping.

Calendars that consider both the lunar cycle (moon phases) and the solar cycle (Earth's journey around the sun).

The introduction of additional days to a year to synchronize lunar and solar cycles.

The idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun, proposed by ancient Indian scholars.

Models explaining planetary movement, including epicycles (circular orbits around another center) and deferents (larger circles), to explain retrograde motion.

The study of metals, their properties, production, and processing, including alloys.

A well-planned city from the Indus Valley Civilization, known for its systematic grid layout, drainage systems, and use of standardized bricks.

Sophisticated drainage and sanitation systems found in ancient Indian cities like Mohenjo-Daro, including covered drains and public baths.

The tower-like structure above the sanctum sanctorum (inner chamber) of a Hindu temple, characteristic of North Indian temples.

The tower-like structure above the sanctum sanctorum (inner chamber) of a Hindu temple, typical of South Indian temples.

Dome-shaped structures housing relics, like the Great Stupa at Sanchi, a prominent feature of Buddhist architecture.

Monasteries and cave complexes carved into rock formations, renowned for their intricate carvings and paintings, like the Ajanta and Ellora caves.

A fusion of Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles, characterized by domes, arches, and minarets, exemplified by the Taj Mahal.

Large, arched structures found in Mughal architecture, often used as entrances or gateways.

Mauryan Empire cities like Pataliputra had planned layouts with wide streets, residential zones, and public spaces.

During the Mauryan era, cities functioned as administrative centers and trade hubs, facilitating economic activities and governance.

Mauryan city walls and gates highlight the importance of security in urban planning.

Medieval Indian cities under Rajput and Mughal rulers blended aesthetics and military strategy in their planning.

Mughal cities like Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi included gardens, water features, and grand palaces, showcasing a mix of natural beauty and architecture.

Forts were integrated into medieval town plans, serving as residential and administrative areas.

The British colonial period introduced new urban planning concepts, blending European styles with local contexts.

Modern Indian town planning prioritizes sustainability, environmental considerations, and inclusive urban development.

A type of sword commonly used in Vedic and epic literature.

A curved sword renowned for its slashing power, common in later medieval periods in India.

A straight sword incorporating European designs, introduced after the 16th century.

A flexible, whip-like sword made of multiple thin blades, used in southern India, particularly in Kalaripayattu.

A type of punch dagger with a distinctive H-shaped handle, designed for close combat.

The unique blend of strength, flexibility, and sharpness in Indian swords, renowned for its high quality.

The process of rapidly cooling hot metal to increase hardness, a step in creating Indian swords.

A controlled heating and cooling process to balance hardness and prevent brittleness in swords.

A type of metal used in ancient India. It was employed in the production of swords, daggers, and spearheads.

An ancient Indian weapon, often made of wood or metal, used for blunt trauma.

A heavy weapon with a spiked, flanged, or smooth head. Used in close combat to deliver devastating blows by crushing armor and bones.

A favored weapon of the warrior Parashurama. It is often associated with the Hindu deity Vishnu.

A period in ancient Indian history famous for advanced iron weapons. This period saw the use of sophisticated iron weapons by the armies, even though the ruler, Ashoka, later adopted Buddhism and renounced warfare.

A renowned Indian material used in the Middle East to create famous swords.

The science of weapons in the Indian Knowledge System, spanning thousands of years. It encompasses technical, philosophical, and practical aspects, including advanced metallurgy, materials, and craftsmanship.